人類歷史上最大的未解之謎是什么?
What is the biggest unsolved mystery in human history?譯文簡介
目前在考古界存在的一個就是,人類究竟是在什么時候抵達美洲的。隨著越來越多有爭議的發(fā)現,這個時間點在推得越來越往前,然后這些發(fā)現就干脆變成了新的證據。見證這段故事的不斷展開非常令人入迷。
正文翻譯
What is the biggest unsolved mystery in human history?
人類歷史上最大的未解之謎是什么?
評論翻譯
很贊 ( 4 )
收藏
An active one in the archaeology world is the exact time frx of when humans made it to the Americas. The date keeps getting pushed back with more controversial discoveries that then just turn to evidence as they pile up. It’s a fascinating story to see unfold.
目前在考古界存在的一個就是,人類究竟是在什么時候抵達美洲的。隨著越來越多有爭議的發(fā)現,這個時間點在推得越來越往前,然后這些發(fā)現就干脆變成了新的證據。見證這段故事的不斷展開非常令人入迷。
Yeah I like this one too, I think many of the traces of early settlement are likely submerged. Sea levels were much lower during the ice age and the majority of human settlements are along the coasts so a huge piece of our history is probably lying on the seafloor completely undisturbed and possibly well preserved.
沒錯,我也喜歡這個未解之謎。其實我覺得,很多人類早期定居地的痕跡應該都已經被淹沒到海底了。海平面在冰期的時候更低,并且大多數的人類聚集地都是沿著海岸線建造的,因此可能我們人類歷史的很大一部分都躺在海床上,完全沒有受到干擾,很可能保護得非常好。
Yeah, global sea level rise would have come with waves and storms, etc. So small coastal settlements built from mostly organic materials along the Pacific northwest coast we're probably largely obliterated. That's not to say more durable things like bone and stone tools couldn't have survived, but good luck finding those except by accident.
沒錯,全球海平面的上漲應該會伴隨著海浪和風暴,等等。因此海岸線上的那些用有機材料建造的小的定居地,很有可能已經被大部分毀掉了。倒不是說骨制和石制工具這些更加耐久的東西留不下來,但是想找到這些東西還是祝你們好運吧,除非碰巧。
Not necessarily correct: We find things like shell mounds, garbage dumps, and a number of other things in wet environments.
也不一定:我們在潮濕的環(huán)境下也能發(fā)現貝殼堆成的小丘,以及垃圾堆,還有其他一些東西。
然而你確實提到了很有趣的一點,就是絕大部分的考古發(fā)現都是在干燥的環(huán)境下進行的,所以我們對于世界的了解其實非常狹隘,因為想要潮濕的地方找東西其實基本上不可能。
I read somewhere that up to 75% of all land life on earth is located in the rainforests, but high acidity in the soil, warm wet conditions, and billions of scavenger species ensure that this life rarely gets fossilized, so desert and grassland fossils are far more common.
我好像在什么地方讀過,地球上有75%的生命都位于熱帶雨林之中,但是土壤的高酸性,暖濕的氣候,以及數以億計的食腐者物種,導致了這些地方的生命很少能夠形成化石。所以沙漠和草地的化石要常見得多。
In Australia, in 2011, someone broke into a TV station and spent four hours flushing $100,000 down the toilet.
2011年,在澳大利亞,有人闖進了一個電視臺,然后花了四個小時把十萬澳元沖進下水道。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
Don't you guys have a prime minister that went for a swim and just never came back?
你們不是還有個總理去游了個泳然后就再也沒回來嗎?
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
Yah and then named a swimming pool after him as a memorial
對,然后我們把一個泳池改成他的名字紀念他了。
The final words of the emperor Titus were 'I have but one regret'. We don't know and never will what that regret was.
羅馬皇帝提圖斯的遺言只有一句話,“我只后悔一件事。”我們永遠都不知道他后悔的是什么。
編輯:回憶了一下,他說的其實更牛逼:“我只犯過一個錯誤?!睒O度的自信
Einsteins last words were in german but the nurse did not speak german so we will never know what he said
愛因斯坦的遺言是用德語說的,但是護士不會說德語,所以我們永遠都不可能知道他說了什么。
"get your knee off my breathing tube"
“把你的膝蓋從我的呼吸管上拿開”
We like to think we understand the universe and that physics is a well grounded discipline, and in some ways it is. However we have no idea what dark matter or dark energy is and yet we think it makes up 27% and 68% of the universe respectively.
我們總是喜歡認為我們已經很理解這個宇宙,認為物理學是一個基礎牢固的學科,并且從某種意義上來說確實如此。然而我們根本不知道暗物質或暗能量是什么,卻認為這兩種東西分別占據了全宇宙的27%和68%。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
We still don’t understand gravity that well. Our understanding of physics is still in its infancy
我們也仍然不理解重力。我們對于物理學的理解仍然在襁褓之中。
So the Monarch Butterfly migrates to Mexico and back every year. During the year there are a full 4 generations of butterflies that live and die during the journey. Upon returning back from Mexico, the butterfly manages to find the same trees it's relative started out at despite never having been there.
帝王蝶每年都會往返墨西哥進行遷徙。在這一整年的旅程之中,有整整四代的蝴蝶出生又死亡。在從墨西哥回來之后,那些蝴蝶能夠找到他們的祖先出發(fā)時的那棵樹,盡管他們從來都沒去過那里。
What’s even more amazing is that every forth generation of monarchs live considerably longer so they can make the migration.
更令人驚訝的是,每四代帝王蝶里,第四代的壽命都比其它的要長的多,這樣他們就能完成遷徙的旅途了。
"I christen you monarch butterfly, the third"
“我為你洗禮,帝王蝶三世”
“媽的”
This is epigenetics. The actual way it works I don't believe it's known but experiments with rats have shown trauma through associating fear with stimulus like scent can be passed down to offspring. Studies on people who survived the holocaust and their kids showed similar results.
這就是表觀遺傳學。它真正的原理應該還并未為人所知,但對大鼠的研究表明,對創(chuàng)傷的恐懼可以通過氣味之類的外部刺激傳遞給下一代。對那些從猶太人大屠殺中幸存的人和他們的后代的研究也得到了類似的結果。
雖然DNA會從親代傳遞給子代,但這并不代表著一切。你在生命中經歷的事情都會通過某種方式傳遞給下一代,某些事情會通過其他方式傳遞。這顯然是自然選擇的一種充滿冒險性的特點。
Late to the party but I haven’t seen anyone mention the Indus Valley scxt. There was a huge civilization in northern India around 3300-1300 BC. It spanned more area than any other civilization at the time. They invented writing independently, something only done 5-6 times in history. But to this day, with all the thousands of inscxtions we have and all the documented contact with other civilizations, we haven’t deciphered their writing. There’s no known Rosetta Stone, no known descendant scxts, no known documentation of the language other than what is written in the Indus Valley scxt.
來的有點晚,但是我發(fā)現沒有人提到過印度河谷文字。公元前3300-1300年,在印度北部曾經有一個巨大的文明,他們的文明面積比當時任何一個其他文明都更加龐大。他們獨立發(fā)明了文字,這件事整個人類歷史上只有五六次。但直到今天,在我們已經收集到成千上萬的文字以及他們與其他文明的接觸記錄之后,我們仍然無法破譯出他們的文字。沒有已知的能起到羅塞塔石碑作用的東西,也沒有衍生的文字,沒有這門語言在印度河文字以外的地方出現的記錄。
但是最大的謎題并不在于如何閱讀這個文字,或者理解它是什么意思,而是我們到底有沒有可能知道。我們真的有可能破解一個自己毫不了解的語言嗎?
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
That most of human history is undocumented and we will never know our entire history as a species. We didn’t start recording our history until 5000 BCE, we do know we shifted to agrarian societies around 10,000 BCE but beyond that we have no idea what we were like as a species, we will never know the undocumented parts of our history that spans 10s of thousands of years. We are often baffled by the technological progress of our ancient ancestors, like those in SE asia who must have been masters of the sea to have colonized the variety of islands there and sailed vast stretches of ocean to land on Australia & New Zealand.
人類的絕大部分歷史都沒有書面記錄,并且我們也永遠都不可能知道我們這個物種的全部歷史了。我們直到公元前5000年才開始記錄我們的歷史,我們知道我們是在大概公元前10000年左右變成農耕文明的,但是再往前我們就不知道我們這個物種是什么樣子了,我們永遠也不會知道那些數以萬年的,沒有文字記錄的歷史是怎樣的。我們經常會被古代祖先的技術進步震撼到,比如東南亞的那些先民們,他們一定曾經是海洋的主宰,畢竟他們曾經殖民過當地大量的島嶼,并且跨過了遙遠的海洋,甚至在澳大利亞和新西蘭登陸了。
諷刺的地方在于,我們現在對于今日的世界掌握著浩如煙海的信息,但是這只是我們全部歷史中很少的一部分,我們的早期歷史其實只有很有限的記錄。
What's crazy to think is New Zealand didn't have humans until the 1200s! It's a pretty recently settled area.
我覺得最瘋狂的是,新西蘭直到13世紀才有人定居!算是個很晚才有人定居的地區(qū)了。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
Maybe the question of how many things are in our oceans that we did not discover yet, the sea is hella scary to me, and not because of the water
或許就是我們的海洋里究竟還有多少東西沒有被我們發(fā)現吧。在我看來海洋真的很嚇人,并且不是因為水很多。
People often tend to forget that. We are so busy exploring outer space yet half of the ocean isn't even mapped.
人們經常忘記這點。我們太忙著探索宇宙空間了,但是海洋卻還沒有記錄一半。
neither medicine nor science has an answer for what consciousness is, or where it originates
醫(yī)學和科學都不能解釋意識是什么,或者意識的起源是什么。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
Emergence as a concept is crazy. Like an atom of an orange doesn’t contain “orange-ness”, but if you put billions of them together then they do.
涌現這個概念真的很瘋狂。舉個例子,橘子的一個原子并不包含“橘子性”,但是如果把無數個原子放在一起,它就是橘子了。
Between 1200 and 1150 BCE, most of the civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean region were either greatly depleted or collapsed entirely, bringing an abrupt end to the Bronze Age. These civilizations were massively depopulated, their palaces and cities were destroyed or abandoned, and some transformed into small, isolated village cultures or nomadic herders. The Greek Linear B scxt was lost, and there is no written record of the following period of Greek history, meaning that Greeks of the time were probably illiterate.
在公元前1200年至1150年之間,地中海東側地區(qū)的絕大多數文明都要么嚴重衰退了,要么徹底崩潰了,青銅時代因而唐突中止。這些文明的人口都發(fā)生了嚴重的衰退,他們的宮殿和城市要么被摧毀,要么被遺棄,有些文明變成了與世隔絕的村莊文化,或是游牧民族。希臘的線形文字B失去了傳承,并且在希臘歷史的接下來那段時間都沒有書面記錄,這證明當時的希臘人很可能都不識字。
這場迅速的衰退一定程度上也影響了歷史上的其他強國,比如希臘的邁錫尼文明,埃及的新王國,赫梯帝國,亞述帝國等。
我們都不知道為什么發(fā)生了。
那些都是四處擴張,生機勃勃的文明,經濟十分健康,貿易網絡十分精致,官僚系統(tǒng)十分復雜,有書面語言,也有大規(guī)模的農業(yè),然后他們忽然就……死了。不知什么原因。當然有很多的理論來解釋,但到頭來還是沒有決定性的證據,能夠證明銅器時代是怎樣突然崩潰到那個鐵器時代之前的過渡時代的。
It was a perfect storm basically. Drought, famine, volcanic winter, pandemic, advances in technology and new warfare.
是一場恰到好處的完美風暴。干旱,饑荒,火山噴發(fā)導致的寒冬,瘟疫,科技的進步和新的戰(zhàn)爭。
年輪和其他科學證據表明,曾經發(fā)生過一場嚴重的干旱,死海的水位下降過超過50米。有人懷疑是尼羅河水位下降,以及海洋民族的遷徙導致的田地歉收,饑荒以及人口減少,一系列因素導致了埃及新王國在銅器時代晚期陷入了政治不穩(wěn)定。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
最近的證據表明,邁錫尼希臘文明,安納托利亞的赫梯文明,以及黎凡特地區(qū)各文明的崩潰,或許都與海洋民族或其他遷徙民族從中亞帶來的一種,現在已經滅絕的鼠疫分支的到來有關
鐵的產量越來越多,因此規(guī)模更大的、裝備了鐵質武器的軍隊就可以摧毀更小的銅器軍隊了。鑄鐵劍變得更加流行,從而能夠組織更大規(guī)模的輕騎兵,這樣擊敗敵方的馬車軍團就能更輕松了,而馬車軍團是當時的統(tǒng)治文明廣泛使用的。
“Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.” — Arthur C. Clarke
“有這么兩種可能。要么我們在宇宙中完全孤獨,要么并非如此。兩種可能同樣可怕?!薄獊喩·克拉克
Back in 2002 I folded and placed three $100 bills in my back right pocket while standing in my living room. I grabbed my wallet from the bar, walked to the front door where I decided it was safer to transfer the $100s to my wallet.
2002年,我站在起居室里,拿起三張100美元的鈔票,疊起來放到了我的右屁股兜里。我從吧臺上拿了錢包,走到前門,然后我覺得把鈔票放到錢包里可能更安全一點。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網 http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉載請注明出處
我的屁股兜里啥也沒有。
家里也沒有別人。我到處找了半天,找了一個多小時。這件事嚴重地損傷了我的理智,以及我的自尊。