QA問答：為什么中國、日本和韓國的古代建筑風(fēng)格幾乎相同？
Why do China, Japan, and Korea almost have the same ancient architecture?
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網(wǎng)友：中國、日本、韓國和越南（大部分地區(qū)）被認(rèn)為是漢文化圈，因為它們受到了中國文化的顯著影響。這與地理接近性是有道理的。過去，中國的朝代比日本和韓國更繁榮和先進(jìn)。這是因為中國的地理位置更適合貿(mào)易，人口由于河流數(shù)量較多而更大，土地也更肥沃。日本東部是廣闊的海洋，而韓國則夾在中國和日本之間，因此朝鮮半島和日本列島的人們仰視中國，尋求建筑和發(fā)展的靈感......
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China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam (Most part of Vietnam.) are considered as Sinosphere because they have significant influence from Chinese culture. This makes sense considering the geographical proximity. In the past, Chinese dynasties were more prosperous and advanced than Japan and Korea. This is because the location was more ideal for trading, the population was larger because of the number of rivers, and there are more fertile lands. The East of Japan is a huge ocean while Korea is sandwiched between China and Japan so the people in Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago looked up to the Chinese for inspirations of architecture and development. If Korea and Japan were located near Iran, then the architecture would look like Persian. If they were located in Europe, then the architectural developments would follow the trends in Europe.
中國、日本、韓國和越南（大部分地區(qū)）被認(rèn)為是漢文化圈，因為它們受到了中國文化的顯著影響。這與地理接近性是有道理的。過去，中國的朝代比日本和韓國更繁榮和先進(jìn)。這是因為中國的地理位置更適合貿(mào)易，人口由于河流數(shù)量較多而更大，土地也更肥沃。日本東部是廣闊的海洋，而韓國則夾在中國和日本之間，因此朝鮮半島和日本列島的人們仰視中國，尋求建筑和發(fā)展的靈感。如果韓國和日本位于伊朗附近，那么它們的建筑風(fēng)格可能會像波斯建筑。如果它們位于歐洲，那么建筑發(fā)展將會遵循歐洲的趨勢。
日本的傳統(tǒng)建筑風(fēng)格與唐代和宋代的中國建筑更為相似。這是因為在宋代，中國對日本的影響開始減少，日本逐漸變得更加孤立。在日本的江戶時代，盡管與中國仍有貿(mào)易往來，但這種交流是有限的。因此，中國在日本文化中的影響逐漸演變出了自己的特色。
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(On the left are Chinese buildings from Tang Dynasty and on the right are Japanese buildings.)
In China, Tang Dynasty style architecture can still be found though the number is not many because mostly were either destroyed or renovated to a newer style. Tang style architecture is still preserved by Cantonese-speaking Chinese.
（左側(cè)是唐代的中國建筑，右側(cè)是日本建筑。）在中國，唐代風(fēng)格的建筑雖然數(shù)量不多，但仍然可以找到，因為大多數(shù)要么被毀壞，要么被改建成了新風(fēng)格。唐代風(fēng)格的建筑仍由講粵語的中國人保留。
Traditional Korean architecture looks closer to Chinese because the Chinese influence is more recent. The traditional Chinese architecture that you see today is based on the architectural style of Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, the people in Korean peninsula still looked up to the Chinese for inspirations and hence, the Ming style architecture influenced Korean architecture. During the Qing Dynasty, the people in Korea viewed Chinese negatively because Joseon (Korea) was forced to become tributary state by Qing. This is why their traditional clothing look closer to Ming Dynasty.
傳統(tǒng)的韓國建筑風(fēng)格與中國更為接近，因為中國的影響相對較為近期。今天我們所見的傳統(tǒng)中國建筑風(fēng)格主要基于明代和清代的建筑風(fēng)格。在明代，朝鮮半島的人們?nèi)匀谎鐾袊?，尋求靈感，因此明代風(fēng)格的建筑影響了韓國建筑。到了清代，由于朝鮮（韓國）被清朝迫使成為藩屬國，韓國人對中國的看法變得消極，這也是為什么他們的傳統(tǒng)服飾更接近明代風(fēng)格的原因。
韓國建筑:
Chinese architecture :
中國建筑:
Traditional Korean architecture have more green colors and the red color is more brownish compared to Chinese. They also have different paintings and patterns.
與中國建筑相比，韓國傳統(tǒng)建筑以綠色為主，以紅色為主。它們也有不同的繪畫和圖案。
I like Japanese, somewhat ‘passionate’ colors and reminding Shogunate eras! (Japanese red pillars)
I like Korean ‘clean’ and ‘harmonic’ colors, with bluish-green and balanced black roof colors!
I like Chinese ‘yellowish’ and ‘grand’ colors, it looks like they are showing their stunning size and crowds!
我喜歡日本那種有些“熱情”的顏色，令人聯(lián)想到幕府時代！（日本的紅色柱子）
我喜歡韓國的“干凈”和“和諧”的顏色，帶有藍(lán)綠色調(diào)和平衡的黑色屋頂！
我喜歡中國的“黃色”和“宏偉”的顏色，它們展示了驚人的規(guī)模和人群！
Hi
Yeah the architecture in East Asia must be look similar for you.
Japan has Chinese Tang Dynasty influenced architectures in there and the Tang dynasty has been ended earlier so the Tang dynasty architectures are stayed in Japan but not in China.
你好
是的，東亞的建筑對于你來說可能看起來很相似。
日本有受中國唐代影響的建筑，而唐代早已結(jié)束，因此唐代的建筑留在了日本，但在中國不再存在。
The architectures influence from China are tend to be symmetrical.
But Japan has many architectures that are not symmetrical such as Himeji Castle.
Korean castle’s roofs are very rounded and bent the corner of the roofs.
Japanese architectures are more straight and not much rounded.
Korean architecture
這對我來說也是一個有趣的觀點(diǎn)。
來自中國的建筑影響往往是對稱的。
但日本有很多不對稱的建筑，比如姬路城。
韓國城堡的屋頂非常圓，屋角彎曲。
而日本建筑則更加直線，不太圓。
Japanese castle (Himeji castle)
日本城堡(姬路城堡)
Chinese architectures sometimes used rocks and bricks but never bricks in Japanese ones.
There are stone hedge basement always when they make castles. But the walls are normally plasters.
中國的建筑有時使用石頭和磚塊，但日本的建筑從不使用磚塊。
當(dāng)他們建造城堡時，總是有石籬地下室。但墻壁通常是灰泥的。
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Well that’s like saying why are architectures and fashion in old days of Europe between the France, England, Germany, Spain, and Italy look similar? They do and they don’t. Obviously China as a continent and one of major hotbed of civilisation was influential. But the influence aside each countries in Asia were and is distinctive and had their own design ethos and culture of their own and influenced back as it does now through trades and exchanges.
這就像在問為什么過去歐洲的建筑和時尚在法國、英國、德國、西班牙和意大利之間看起來很相似？它們既相似又不相似。顯然，中國作為一個大陸和主要的文明發(fā)源地之一，具有影響力。但除了這種影響外，每個亞洲國家都有其獨(dú)特的設(shè)計理念和文化，并通過貿(mào)易和交流相互影響，就像現(xiàn)在一樣。
Japan is not really much friendship with South Korean, North Korea, China.
These countries and Japan are hate each other especially nowadays.
So sad things.
日本和朝鮮韓國、中國之間并沒有真正的友誼。這些國家和日本之間的關(guān)系尤其在今天很緊張。這真是令人遺憾的事情。
That’s not quite true. Geopolitics and relationship is a complicated thing. Yes while the gov, historical and political issues causes animosities, on civilian level there’s hardly any hate. Korean pop culture is all the rage in Japan and Japan’s anime and food also have a quite a following in Korea. Same is true in China for both but banned and censored by China and extremely nationalistic netizens. But many consumes it and visits both countries the most.
And they’ll continue fighht but also join hands and cooperate when interest is met.
這不完全正確。地緣政治和關(guān)系是復(fù)雜的。雖然政府、歷史和政治問題造成了敵對情緒，但在民間幾乎沒有仇恨。韓國的流行文化在日本非常受歡迎，日本的動漫和美食在韓國也有相當(dāng)?shù)姆劢z。中國也是如此，但在中國這些內(nèi)容被禁止和審查，且極端民族主義的網(wǎng)民較多。但很多人仍然消費(fèi)這些文化，并且訪問這兩個國家的頻率很高。他們會繼續(xù)爭斗，但也會在利益一致時攜手合作。
The architecture of ancient China can be divided into palace architecture, temple architecture and folk architecture. The study of Chinese architecture in Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam is basically closely related to politics and Buddhism.
古代中國的建筑可以分為宮殿建筑、寺廟建筑和民間建筑。在日本、韓國和越南對中國建筑的研究基本上與政治和佛教有密切關(guān)系。
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Japan and South Korea learned from China in their ancient political systems to varying degrees, while South Korea and Vietnam became vassal states of China in certain periods. Their political systems are highly similar to China's. Therefore, the construction of the palace is basically based on the Chinese imperial palace. Korea and Japan imported these architectural concepts from China. Not only did they try to imitate China, but they saw China as a great country with a mature culture that they could benefit from. The ruling governments of Korea and Japan very purposefully adopted the design of Chinese palaces. Building mode. and the general layout of the capital city as a means of demonstrating its power and legitimacy to its own people.
首先，從政治上講： 日本和韓國在古代政治體系上不同程度地借鑒了中國，而韓國和越南在某些時期成為了中國的附屬國。它們的政治體系與中國高度相似。因此，宮殿建筑基本上是以中國皇宮為基礎(chǔ)的。韓國和日本從中國引入了這些建筑概念。他們不僅試圖模仿中國，還把中國視為一個擁有成熟文化的大國，從中獲益。韓國和日本的統(tǒng)治者有目的地采用了中國宮殿的設(shè)計模式以及首都城市的一般布局，以此作為向自己人民展示權(quán)力和合法性的手段。
China's Forbidden City.
例如：中國的紫禁城。
Their layout and structure are basically built according to the pattern of the Forbidden City. For example, palaces basically face south and are symmetrical. It was just smaller in size and level than the Forbidden City in China. This was also the requirement of the Chinese emperor for Korea and Vietnam at that time. Not only in the layout, but also in the naming of the houses in the palace, they will also learn from the Chinese naming method, and even the names will be the same. For example, the southern gate of the Forbidden City in China is called "wumen"（午門）, the place where the emperor works is called "Qinzheng dian"（勤政殿）. This is the case in South Korea and Vietnam. The main entrance of the palace is called "wumen" and the king's office is called "Qinzheng Hall".
它們的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)基本上是按照紫禁城的模式建造的。例如，宮殿通常面向南方，且對稱。這些宮殿的規(guī)模和等級只是比中國的紫禁城小。這也是當(dāng)時中國皇帝對韓國和越南的要求。不僅在布局上，宮殿中的房間命名也會借鑒中國的命名方法，甚至名稱相同。例如，中國紫禁城的南門叫“午門”，皇帝工作的地方叫“勤政殿”。在韓國和越南也是如此，宮殿的正門叫“午門”，國王的辦公室叫“勤政殿”。
公元七世紀(jì)，日本的奈良和京都是在中國唐朝長安城的基礎(chǔ)上建造的。雖然面積僅為長安城的四分之一，但其結(jié)構(gòu)與長安城非常相似，可以說是唐代長安城的一個縮小版。在奈良，你仍然可以看到大量唐代風(fēng)格的木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，從中可以感受到唐代的宏偉氣象。對中國唐朝長安城布局的最初模仿的影響，至今仍可以在日本京都的建筑布局中見到。
This is the city plan of Chang'an, the capital of China's Tang Dynasty, from a Japanese textbook.
這是日本教科書中的中國唐朝長安城的城市規(guī)劃圖。
This is a modern aerial photo of Kyoto, Japan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism
The second influencing factor is the spread of Chinese Buddhism.
這是日本京都的現(xiàn)代航拍照片。
第二個影響因素是中國佛教的傳播。
在古代東亞，除了政府擁有足夠的財政資源來建造大型宮殿建筑群外，只有寺廟有足夠的財力來負(fù)擔(dān)這些建設(shè)。宗教對建筑的布局和形式也有一定要求。隨著中國佛教的傳播到韓國、日本和越南，中國風(fēng)格的佛教建筑也進(jìn)入了這些國家。
佛教寺廟通常由統(tǒng)治階級建造，有些如新羅的黃龍寺規(guī)模宏大，與唐代宮殿設(shè)計有許多相似之處。由于佛教與政府的密切歷史聯(lián)系，大多數(shù)寺廟采用了與宮殿類似的裝飾技術(shù)。
向日本引入“中式建筑”的首批人是韓國人，他們將中國建筑、中國漢字和中國佛教帶到了日本。在韓國人引入了中國大陸建筑后，日本人開始在唐朝時期直接前往中國學(xué)習(xí)建筑、佛教及其他藝術(shù)，包括古典中國詩歌、陶瓷和墨畫風(fēng)格的影響。
唐招提寺（日本名：唐招提寺/とうしょうだいじ Tōshōdai ji）是日本律宗的總部。位于奈良市五條町，由唐代著名高僧鑒真大師建造，采用了繁盛的唐代建筑風(fēng)格，因此被稱為中日友好寺廟。它被列為日本國寶，并于1998年作為“古都奈良的文化財產(chǎn)”被列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
AKA
i think vietnam only follow or resemble pre Song dynasty because of the 1000 years domination. it was free flow. during the song and after there was a border, so people don’t cross it, illegal. so the influence become less. like viet loan sound more like during Tang period. not song yuan ming etc.
我認(rèn)為越南主要受到了宋朝之前的中國文化影響，因為越南在長達(dá)1000年的統(tǒng)治期間，文化交流相對自由。然而，在宋朝及其之后，由于邊界的存在，人員往來受到限制，影響也因此減少了。因此，越南的語言借詞更像是唐代時期的影響，而不是宋、元、明等朝代的影響。
It is due to the reasons that the three nations meets up to same cultural root - Won(?), Bang(?), Gak(?). Based on research by Jeungsan academia in Korea, the three factors symbolizes the nature of universe. Won is circle, Bang is rectangular, and Gak is triangle. I would like to add some photos and diagrams to help your question but I am not sure intellectual property would allow that. So I end up writing a short article. Orthodoxical Conservative Koreans have idea that Baedal Civilization have provided cultural norm to three nations in East Asia. The civilization has history of 5920.
這是因為三個國家都源于相同的文化根源——元（?）、方（?）、角（?）。根據(jù)韓國的精山學(xué)術(shù)研究，這三個因素象征著宇宙的本質(zhì)。元是圓形的，方是矩形的，角是三角形的。我想添加一些照片和圖表來幫助說明這個問題，但不確定知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是否允許。因此，我最終寫了一篇簡短的文章。保守的韓國正統(tǒng)派認(rèn)為，百濟(jì)文明為東亞三國提供了文化規(guī)范。這個文明的歷史為5920年。
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Photo 1. STB Sangsaeng Bangsong(STB Broadcasting Media Group) screenshot
照片 1. STB ?? ??（STB廣播媒體集團(tuán)) 截圖
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Photo 2. The nature of Asiatic soul depicted in several diagrams
照片 2. 幾個圖示展示的亞洲靈魂的本質(zhì)
Photo 3. The extent of cultural boundaries of Baedal Civilization(???)
照片 3. 百濟(jì)文明（???）的文化邊界范圍
East Asian architecture is similar to each other because both Japan and Korea has been influenced by China. Historically, China has influenced Korea more than Japan, for longer as well, so Chinese and Korean architecture may look more similar to each other than Japan. Even though each country has their own differences, Japan, China, and Korea generally uses the East Asian hip-and-gable roof:
東亞建筑相互之間相似，因為日本和韓國都受到了中國的影響。從歷史上看，中國對韓國的影響時間更長，因此中國和韓國的建筑可能比日本更相似。盡管每個國家都有自己的特點(diǎn)，但日本、中國和韓國普遍使用東亞的翹檐屋頂。
Though Japan also has it’s own native architectural styles:
盡管日本也有自己本土的建筑風(fēng)格：
Mark Ericson
China was an advanced civilization while Koreans and Japanse were living in huts. It was inevitable that they would like to China for “advanced” cultural elements such as architecture. Korea and Japan copied or imitated Chinese styles of architecture, particularly those of Buddhist temples. Korea learned first and then taught Japan through the many Koreans who emigrated to that island nation between 500 and 700 CE.
中國曾是一個先進(jìn)的文明，而韓國和日本當(dāng)時還住在茅屋里。他們對中國的“先進(jìn)”文化元素如建筑產(chǎn)生了興趣是不可避免的。韓國首先學(xué)習(xí)了中國的建筑風(fēng)格，特別是佛教寺廟的風(fēng)格，然后通過大量在公元500年至700年間移民到日本的韓國人，將這些風(fēng)格傳授給了日本。