為什么美國(guó)允許奴隸制?
Why did USA allow slavery?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：因?yàn)槊乐拗趁竦?，以及后?lái)的美國(guó)，都是由人類組成的。從史前時(shí)期到中世紀(jì)的歐洲，在所有有能力并且實(shí)際上擁有過(guò)奴隸的社會(huì)中，都發(fā)生過(guò)奴隸制。基督教逐步在歐洲廢除了奴隸制，但新大陸的發(fā)現(xiàn)又給了它再次興起的機(jī)會(huì)……
正文翻譯
Why did USA allow slavery?
為什么美國(guó)允許奴隸制?
為什么美國(guó)允許奴隸制?
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Why did America accept slavery?
Because the American colonies, and the later U.S.A., was composed of human beings.
Slavery has occurred in every society known that was in a position to hold slaves, from pre-history to medi Europe. Christianity gradually killed slavery in Europe, but the discovery of the New World gave it a big opportunity to get going again.
Xenophobia is also universal in all known human societies. “Other, therefore lesser” is everyone’s natural attitude.
為什么美國(guó)曾經(jīng)接受奴隸制？
因?yàn)槊乐拗趁竦兀约昂髞?lái)的美國(guó)，都是由人類組成的。
從史前時(shí)期到中世紀(jì)的歐洲，在所有有能力并且實(shí)際上擁有過(guò)奴隸的社會(huì)中，都發(fā)生過(guò)奴隸制?；浇讨鸩皆跉W洲廢除了奴隸制，但新大陸的發(fā)現(xiàn)又給了它再次興起的機(jī)會(huì)。
在所有已知的人類社會(huì)中，排外心理同樣普遍存在?！八思吹偷取笔侨藗兲焐陀械男膽B(tài)。
“Gradually it was disclosed to me that the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either - but right through every human heart - and through all human hearts.”—Alexandr Solzhenitsyn in The Gulag Archipelago.
即便如此，值得注意的是，最初在殖民地弗吉尼亞出售的奴隸實(shí)際上是作為契約勞工使用的，等他們的勞工期滿后就可以獲得自由。但隨著弗吉尼亞和其他殖民地開(kāi)始大規(guī)模購(gòu)買奴隸，更多的奴隸被運(yùn)了進(jìn)來(lái)。后來(lái)，南部殖民者意識(shí)到，如果繼續(xù)釋放這些奴隸，最終充斥著大量獲得自由的非洲人；而如果停止購(gòu)買奴隸，他們又會(huì)失去廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力。于是，他們做了道德上無(wú)法辯護(hù)卻符合人性的選擇——將這些奴隸變?yōu)榻K身奴隸，并規(guī)定奴隸母親所生的孩子也自動(dòng)成為終身奴隸。
我逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn),善與惡的界限并不在國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間、階級(jí)與階級(jí)之間、政黨與政黨之間,而是在每一個(gè)人的心中穿過(guò),在一切人的心中穿過(guò)。"——《古拉格群島》索爾仁尼琴。
Why did America accept slavery?
The North American colonies really needed labour resources to produce their products and to be viable.
Slavery, as such, had pretty much died out in Europe in early medi times (about 1000AD) replaced by serfdom which carried on in various ways until the black death reduced numbers of labourers and it was realised that labour had a “market value”.
The American colonies were funded and formed to produce agricultural products which were labour intensive.
Initially, it was hoped to provide this by criminals sentenced to transportation, but they were found to be difficult to managed and unsuitable for the conditions, and so most were shipped to Australia.
Slavery was endemic in north Africa and Berber pirates often raided England, Ireland and other European Coastal villages to take slaves fr the North African markets - see : Barbary slave trade - Wikipedia
Slavery was also endemic in West Africa , esp. in sub Saharan areas, mainly the SeneGambia regions and so a ready resource was available and the need was in he North American and West Indian colonies.
為什么美國(guó)會(huì)接受奴隸制？
北美殖民地迫切需要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力來(lái)生產(chǎn)商品并確保其生存。
奴隸制在中世紀(jì)早期的歐洲已基本消失，農(nóng)奴制取代了它，直到黑死病減少了勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量，人們意識(shí)到勞動(dòng)力具有市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。美國(guó)殖民地的建立和資金是為了生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)密集型的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。最初，他們希望通過(guò)將罪犯流放來(lái)提供勞動(dòng)力，但這些罪犯難以管理，不適合當(dāng)?shù)貤l件，因此大多數(shù)被送往澳大利亞。奴隸制在北非根深蒂固，柏柏爾海盜經(jīng)常襲擊英格蘭、愛(ài)爾蘭和其他歐洲沿海村莊，將人擄為奴隸出售到北非市場(chǎng)——參見(jiàn):巴巴里奴隸貿(mào)易——維基百科。
同樣，西非，特別是撒哈拉以南地區(qū)，也是奴隸制盛行的地方，因此北美和西印度群島殖民地可以輕易獲得這一資源。
This is a perfect example of people thinking the Constitution is a list of things they want to be true.
The Constitution did not ban slavery. If it had, it wouldn’t have been ratified. It contained the famous, or infamous, “three fifths” compromise that had slaves counted as 3/5 of a person. It did prohibit importation after 1808, which had negligible impact on slavery itself.
The constitution says what it says, not what you wish it said or think it should say.
這是一個(gè)典型的例子，說(shuō)明人們把憲法當(dāng)作他們希望成真的愿望清單。
憲法并沒(méi)有禁止奴隸制。如果當(dāng)時(shí)憲法禁止奴隸制，它就不可能被批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)。憲法中有著名或臭名昭著的“三分之五妥協(xié)”，將奴隸按五分之三的人口比例計(jì)算。雖然憲法確實(shí)禁止了1808年之后的奴隸進(jìn)口，但這對(duì)奴隸制度本身幾乎沒(méi)有影響。憲法規(guī)定的內(nèi)容就是它的全部，不是你希望它說(shuō)什么或認(rèn)為它應(yīng)該說(shuō)什么。
Why was slavery allowed in the United States?
Slavery was “allowed” in the United States at the time of it’s founding because slavery as a form of getting workers to do manual labor had been in force for tens of thousands of years…back to the beginnings of recorded history, when it was taken as a “given” in existing societies of that day.
Anyone might be enslaved. Got defeated in battle? You ore your whole village could be enslaved. Couldn’t pay your taxes? You or your children could be enslaved. Couldn’t pay your debts, you or your family could be enslaved. Couldn’t find work? You might sell yourself into slavery to get food.
為什么在美國(guó)建國(guó)之初就允許奴隸制？
美國(guó)建國(guó)時(shí)允許奴隸制，是因?yàn)榕`作為體力勞動(dòng)的來(lái)源已經(jīng)延續(xù)了數(shù)萬(wàn)年，早在有記錄的歷史開(kāi)始時(shí)，許多社會(huì)就將奴隸制視為理所當(dāng)然的制度。
任何人都有可能被奴役。如果戰(zhàn)敗了，你或你的整個(gè)村莊可能被奴役；如果無(wú)法支付稅款，你或你的孩子可能被奴役；如果不能償還債務(wù)，你或你的家人可能被奴役；如果找不到工作，你可能為了謀生而賣身為奴。
The Roman Empire’s bureaucracy was run by the Emperor’s slaves and freemen - they were the ones he’d had taught to read & write and to some degree, the ones that he’d trained as to when to interrupt him and when to do what he’d told them to do “in that situation” in the past.
奴隸可能不會(huì)有很多食物，但就像你今天給車加油或給手機(jī)充電一樣，為了讓奴隸能正常工作，奴隸主會(huì)提供足夠的食物。他們?cè)谏鐣?huì)中相當(dāng)于機(jī)械設(shè)備……他們可能在耕地、種植莊稼、紡線、編織或縫紉——或者使用其他材料，這取決于他們文明的技術(shù)水平和主人的需要。
羅馬帝國(guó)的官僚系統(tǒng)由皇帝的奴隸和自由人管理——他們是被皇帝教會(huì)讀寫的，也在一定程度上接受了培訓(xùn)，知道什么時(shí)候打擾皇帝，以及如何處理皇帝過(guò)去指示過(guò)的“類似情況”。
Why did America accept slavery?
What about “Why does America accept sweat shops?” Or all other worse than slavery work condition that exists only because we want what gets produced?
Nothing has changed except that today we “demonize” slavery fashionably ignore from the conversations what is going on today and we don’t see anything wrong about it - not our problem, doesn’t happen in our country, when in reality it exists because of us.
為什么美國(guó)接受奴隸制？
那么，我們?nèi)绾慰创懊绹?guó)為何容忍血汗工廠？”這個(gè)問(wèn)題呢？或者說(shuō)，為什么我們對(duì)其他比奴隸制更糟糕的工作條件視而不見(jiàn)，這些條件之所以存在，僅僅是因?yàn)槲覀兿胍切┍簧a(chǎn)出來(lái)的商品。
除了今天我們以一種時(shí)髦的方式“妖魔化”奴隸制，并且從對(duì)話中刻意忽略今天正在發(fā)生的事情之外，沒(méi)有什么真正改變了——我們不認(rèn)為這有什么問(wèn)題，認(rèn)為這不是我們的問(wèn)題，也不認(rèn)為它發(fā)生在我們的國(guó)家，然而實(shí)際上，這些現(xiàn)象之所以存在，正是因?yàn)槲覀儭?/b>
Slavery was allowed in the USA and elsewhere for centuries before the founding of this country primarily because it was not expressly forbidden in the Bible and other sacred texts. Among the 10 commandments are fundamental principles such as “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s goods” but none that clearly read “Thou shalt not enslave others”.
If the biblical writers, many of whom the descendants of people enslaved in Egypt, had been inspired enough from their own history to include those five clear and enlightened words within the original 10 commandments, slavery could never have been introduced into this country.
奴隸制在美國(guó)及其他地方存在了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，主要是因?yàn)椤妒ソ?jīng)》和其他圣典中沒(méi)有明確禁止奴隸制。十誡中包含了“不可貪戀鄰居的財(cái)物”等基本原則，但沒(méi)有明確寫出“不可奴役他人”。
如果圣經(jīng)的撰寫者們——其中不少是埃及奴役者的后代——能夠深受自己歷史經(jīng)歷的啟發(fā)，在最初的十誡中加入一條明確而明智的誡命：“不可奴役他人”，那么奴隸制可能就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)在美國(guó)被合法化。
You reckon?
你真的如此認(rèn)為？
Why was slavery allowed in America?
It started out as indentured servantry in the beginning and down right greed in the middle. Enlightenment of the words of the constitution and conviction brought an end to it with the Emancipation Proclamation and the Civil war In the 1860s. At least in USA it has ended. International child trafficking is all over the world and trying to bring it back into the USA Today. We have realized that children are coming through our borders NOT with their parents hence separated. This has been going on for some time now.
為什么美國(guó)允許奴隸制？
它最初是以契約仆人制度開(kāi)始的，中間是由于極度的貪婪。隨著對(duì)憲法的啟蒙和信念，通過(guò)1860年代的《解放宣言》和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，奴隸制在美國(guó)被終結(jié)了。至少在美國(guó)，它已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。國(guó)際兒童販賣在全世界都有，并且正試圖將其重新引入美國(guó)。我們已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，孩子們是獨(dú)自穿越邊境的，而不是和他們的父母一起，因此被分開(kāi)。這種情況已經(jīng)持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間。
Why did America accept slavery?
Because they were a colony of England, which employed slave labor to exploit their overseas possessions for maximum profit. American colonists had no choice but to accept slavery, but there were many that had no problem with slavery because slavery had always existed in European society up to that point.
為什么美國(guó)接受奴隸制？
因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯?guó)的殖民地，英國(guó)利用奴隸勞動(dòng)力來(lái)剝削其海外領(lǐng)土以獲取最大利潤(rùn)。美國(guó)殖民者別無(wú)選擇，只能接受奴隸制，但有很多人對(duì)奴隸制沒(méi)有質(zhì)疑過(guò)，因?yàn)橹钡侥菚r(shí)，奴隸制在歐洲社會(huì)一直存在。
Primarily greed, and the belief that the white Anglo-Saxons were the superior race. Many religious people believed that God condoned slavery because the Bible (New Testament) tell slaves to be obedient to their masters. The slaveholders of the time interpreted this to mean that slavery was God's plan for the 'inferior races”. What bothers me the most is that it exist...
主要是出于貪婪，以及認(rèn)為白人盎格魯-撒克遜人是優(yōu)越種族的信念。許多宗教人士認(rèn)為，因?yàn)椤妒ソ?jīng)》（新約）告訴奴隸要服從他們的主人，上帝就認(rèn)可了奴隸制。當(dāng)時(shí)的奴隸主將這解釋為奴隸制是上帝對(duì)“劣等種族”的計(jì)劃。最讓我困擾的是，這種現(xiàn)象依然存在...
When the first colonists arrived there was zero infrastructure, life was precarious and the journey to get there was dangerous, so few people wanted to go through such hardship. Initially the colonies relied on indentured servants (Convicts from Britain -mainly Irish) who were forced to go there and work for free. After independance this supply of free labour was cut off so they needed a new source.
Many of the Caribean islands and South American plantations, particularly those controlled by the Spanish, were using African slaves and initially these were the source of American slaves
當(dāng)?shù)谝慌趁裾叩竭_(dá)時(shí)，那里根本沒(méi)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，生活是不穩(wěn)定的，而且到達(dá)那里的旅程是危險(xiǎn)的，所以很少有人愿意經(jīng)歷這樣的艱難。最初，殖民地依賴契約仆人（來(lái)自英國(guó)的罪犯——主要是愛(ài)爾蘭人），他們被迫去那里免費(fèi)工作。獨(dú)立后，這種免費(fèi)勞動(dòng)力的供應(yīng)被切斷了，所以他們需要新的勞動(dòng)力來(lái)源。
許多加勒比島嶼和南美洲的種植園，特別是那些由西班牙人控制的種植園，最初是使用非洲奴隸的，這些也是美國(guó)奴隸的來(lái)源。
在廢除奴隸制后，美國(guó)仍然需要工人，因此他們對(duì)移民實(shí)行開(kāi)放政策（自由女神像上寫著“給我們你們疲憊的，貧窮的”等等）。許多人認(rèn)為，無(wú)論如何奴隸制都會(huì)結(jié)束，因?yàn)樗诮?jīng)濟(jì)上不再可行，買東西、吃東西、住房子和提供醫(yī)療(盡管你在電影中看到，奴隸主需要保護(hù)他們的投資)的成本要高于支付給一個(gè)不熟練的移民的低工資，因?yàn)樗麄儾坏貌粡钠涔べY中拿出錢來(lái)支付所有這些事情上的花費(fèi)。
Why did America accept slavery?
Because it wasn’t seen as wrong by the majority of the people at the time it was instituted. Remember, there had been forms of slavery throughout the world and throughout the ages - no country escapes unscathed or thinking their ancestors didn’t practice slavery. It was (and is) just as common in Africa as it was in the fledgling USA.
為什么美國(guó)接受奴隸制？
因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)人不認(rèn)為這是錯(cuò)誤的。記住，全世界和歷史上都有各種形式的奴隸制——沒(méi)有哪個(gè)國(guó)家能夠完全不受傷害或認(rèn)為他們的祖先沒(méi)有實(shí)行過(guò)奴隸制。它（和現(xiàn)在一樣）在非洲和美國(guó)一樣普遍。
I am not saying it was right; I am saying those actions helped form the opinions of the people of that time.
想想看，歐洲人和其他人的技術(shù)水平比非洲大多數(shù)土著人更先進(jìn)。非洲人想要?dú)W洲人提供的槍械等物品，所以非洲人會(huì)捕獲并出售其他非洲人給歐洲人，以換取他們渴望的小飾品等物品。如果非洲人愿意賣非洲人，那么那些被賣為奴隸的人就不被認(rèn)為是人類了，這有什么奇怪的嗎?
我并不是說(shuō)這是對(duì)的;我是說(shuō)，這些行為幫助人們形成了當(dāng)時(shí)的觀點(diǎn)。
The U.S. didn’t so much allow slavery as we inherited it. Slaves were brought to the future U.S. mostly by the British but also by the Spanish, Dutch and French. The slave economy was so entrenched by the time of the Revolution it was a secondary issue compared with establishing a new country. The Founders realized the issue would have to be dealt with eventually, but put it off in favor of more pressing issues. In that respect, the Founders “allowed “ slavery but not as a preference
美國(guó)并非主動(dòng)選擇奴隸制，而是繼承了這一制度。奴隸主要是由英國(guó)人引入到美國(guó)，但西班牙人、荷蘭人和法國(guó)人也參與其中。到了革命時(shí)期，奴隸制經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)如此根深蒂固，以至于與建立一個(gè)新國(guó)家相比，它變成了一個(gè)次要問(wèn)題。美國(guó)的開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)讉円庾R(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題最終需要解決，但面對(duì)更為緊迫的事務(wù)，他們選擇將此問(wèn)題推遲。因此，可以說(shuō)，開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)讉冊(cè)谀撤N程度上“允許”了奴隸制，但這并非他們的意愿。
They allowed it because of their greed and demonic spirit behavior. Not just America; all European and some African nations are guilty of slavery as well. European nations were the worst. Greed, hate, and thinking no one would notice or do anything about, is what it is.
他們之所以允許奴隸制，是出于貪婪和惡劣的行徑。不僅僅是美國(guó)，所有歐洲以及一些非洲國(guó)家同樣對(duì)奴隸制負(fù)有責(zé)任。在這其中，歐洲國(guó)家的行為尤為惡劣。貪婪、憎恨，以及一種認(rèn)為沒(méi)有人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)或?qū)Υ瞬扇⌒袆?dòng)的心態(tài)，正是這一切的根源。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
The American question should be written, “What would have been the Constitutional reason for the States to agree to preclude slavery in the unx?” Americans traditionally are not much on the government “allowing” the people to do things.
美國(guó)的問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是這樣寫的：“憲法上有什么理由讓各州同意在聯(lián)邦中排除奴隸制？”美國(guó)人傳統(tǒng)上不太喜歡政府“允許”人民做事。
Allow sounds like Slavery just happened and the United States was negligent in not stopping it.
The United States (Federal and State governments) used the law to promote and maintain slavery for over 400 years.
Capitalists needed lots of cheap labor they tried to use indentured servitude (contract employment) but that wasn’t working. As early as 1500, the Transatlantic Slave Trade meant captured Africans were being shipped to the Caribbean, Central, and South America. In 1600 the American colonies decided to meet their own labor needs with enslaved Africans.
使用“允許”一詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)似乎奴隸制是無(wú)意中發(fā)生的，而美國(guó)在阻止它方面表現(xiàn)得疏忽
美國(guó)(聯(lián)邦政府和州政府)使用法律來(lái)促進(jìn)和維持奴隸制的歷史為400多年。
資本家迫切需要大量低成本的勞動(dòng)力，他們最初嘗試通過(guò)契約仆人制度（一種基于合同的雇傭形式）來(lái)解決這一需求，但這種做法并未達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。早在16世紀(jì)初，即1500年左右，跨大西洋的奴隸貿(mào)易已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，無(wú)數(shù)非洲人被擄走并運(yùn)送到加勒比地區(qū)、中美洲和南美洲。到了1600年，為了滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的勞動(dòng)力需求，美洲的英國(guó)殖民地開(kāi)始大規(guī)模引進(jìn)非洲奴隸。
The U.S. allowed slavery because slavery at the time was seen by the government people as moral. Moral thinking hadn’t evolved past that. This was partially a result of Christian thought. Don’t let Christians try to tell you the bible goes against slavery. The bible supports slavery.
美國(guó)允許奴隸制，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的政府人士認(rèn)為奴隸制在道德上是可以接受的。道德觀念還沒(méi)有發(fā)展到那個(gè)地步。這在一定程度上是基督教思想的結(jié)果。別讓基督徒告訴你圣經(jīng)反對(duì)奴隸制。圣經(jīng)可是支持奴隸制的。