為什么哥倫布被認為是意大利人,而他很可能是加泰羅尼亞人(和猶太人),并且從未用意大利語寫過或說過意大利語?
Why is Columbus considered Italian when he was likely Catalan (and Jewish) and never wrote or spoke Italian?譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友:歷史學家普遍認為,哥倫布的家庭來自利古里亞沿海地區(qū),他的少年時期和早年生活在熱那亞共和國的熱那亞市,在維科·迪里托(Vico Diritto)度過,隨后他搬到薩沃納,那時他的父親多梅尼科于1470年遷居在那里。這些證據(jù)大多來自關于哥倫布直系親屬在熱那亞的關系以及同時代人對他熱那亞出身的看法......
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The answer is in the exact article you lixed:
答案就在你提供的那篇文章中:
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
歷史學家普遍認為,哥倫布的家庭來自利古里亞沿海地區(qū),他的少年時期和早年生活在熱那亞共和國的熱那亞市,在維科·迪里托(Vico Diritto)度過,隨后他搬到薩沃納,那時他的父親多梅尼科于1470年遷居在那里。這些證據(jù)大多來自關于哥倫布直系親屬在熱那亞的關系以及同時代人對他熱那亞出身的看法。
更不用說,實際上加泰羅尼亞(特別是巴塞羅那地區(qū))和當時的法國“蔚藍海岸”在他那個年代都是熱那亞的保護領土,因此沿著南歐大陸沿海移動的人是完全正常的,尤其是如果他們是水手的話。
關于語言,他不講意大利語是完全正常的,因為在那個時代并不存在意大利語(意大利于1861年成立)。
甚至今天,利古里亞地方語言與葡萄牙語和加泰羅尼亞語的相似性遠超過意大利語。(如果你閉上眼睛聽某些特定的熱那亞方言,你會感覺像在巴西!)
The concept of “Italy”, and “Italian”, as a language, existed well before the foundation of the Kindom of Italy in 1861. Nevertheless it’s true that Italian has been mainly used for centuries as a written language, and spoken local languages in what is now Italy where (and still are) often very different from Italian.
“意大利”和“意大利語”作為一種語言的概念早在1861年意大利王國成立之前就已存在。然而,意大利語在幾個世紀以來主要作為書面語言使用,而如今意大利境內(nèi)的地方口語(和現(xiàn)在的情況一樣)常常與意大利語非常不同。
The “italian” of 1400 has very few to do with modern Italian and was far from being standardized. The “written language” of Vernice and the “written language” of Tuscany where not the same anyhow. And Even Dante’s Italian sounds like a foreign language today. (unless until “fiere” means “exhibitions” and not “wild animals”…), I understand there is a certain rhetoric beside the humanistic communities (especially if educated in the Gentilian school) to “sell” the idea of a “unified italy” since the fall of Rome, up the unification. But that was far to be a real thing:
1400年的“意大利語”與現(xiàn)代意大利語關系不大,且遠未實現(xiàn)標準化。威尼斯的“書面語言”和托斯卡納的“書面語言”根本不是同一種語言。而且,即使是但丁的意大利語今天聽起來也像是一種外語。(除非“fiere”是指“展覽”,而不是“野生動物”……)我理解在人文主義社群中(尤其是受過詹蒂利安學派教育的人)有某種修辭來“推銷”自羅馬滅亡以來一直存在的“統(tǒng)一意大利”的理念,直到統(tǒng)一的實現(xiàn)。但這遠未成為現(xiàn)實:
That's true, but I was just writing about the “concept” of Italy and Italian language, both predating 1861.
這是真的,但我只是想說“意大利”和意大利語言的“概念”,這兩者都早于1861年。
When Dante in the 1300’s was getting ready to write his masterpiece, “The Divine Comedy” educated Tuscans communicated in Latin, the local, “vulgar” language of the common folk or Proven?al a “l(fā)angue d’oc” vernacular related to Catalan, Proven?al was the “l(fā)ingua franca” of diplomacy and commerce for all who lived between the “Spanish Mark” (Catalonia) and throughout what today is the south of France, all the way into Italy (notably Liguria and the Piedmont) down along the Italian coast into Tuscany. In the end, Dante opted to write his “Divina Commedia” in the Tuscan vernacular, which became the benchmark for modern “Italian”.
在14世紀,當?shù)蕚鋵懰慕茏鳌渡袂窌r,受過教育的托斯卡納人使用拉丁語交流,地方上普通民眾的“俗語”或普羅旺斯語是一種與加泰羅尼亞語相關的“oc語言”,普羅旺斯語是生活在“西班牙邊界”(加泰羅尼亞)到現(xiàn)在法國南部,直到意大利(特別是利古里亞和皮埃蒙特)沿著意大利海岸到托斯卡納地區(qū)的所有人之間的外交和商業(yè)“通用語”。最終,但丁選擇用托斯卡納方言寫他的《神曲》,這成為現(xiàn)代“意大利語”的基準。
當法國開始統(tǒng)一,法語發(fā)展為“國家”語言時,北方的“oc語言”和南方的“oc語言”之間存在很大的競爭。隨著時間的推移,北方的“oc語言”勝出,因為它是“法蘭西島”統(tǒng)治者所使用的語言,最終統(tǒng)一了所有講法語的領土。
但是,如果但丁的《神曲》是用普羅旺斯語寫成的,這種語言在從西班牙邊界穿過法國到意大利的地中海沿岸有數(shù)百萬人使用,那么它可能會成為一個更大社區(qū)的《貝奧武夫》,隨著時間的推移,不僅將加泰羅尼亞人或托斯卡納人團結(jié)在一起,還為更大規(guī)模的“拉丁語系”民族的聯(lián)合奠定基礎。這真是一個引人入勝的想法!
Added to which his name was Cristoforo Colombo, not Columbus. One of his descendants was at my school - and his name was Cristofo Colombo, a spaniard, although his ancestor was from Liguria.
再者,他的名字是克里斯托弗·哥倫布,而不是哥倫布。他的一個后代曾在我的學校上學——他的名字是克里斯托福·哥倫布,是個西班牙人,盡管他的祖先來自利古里亞。
Columbus is nothing more than how his surname is translated to English… Spanish -by the way- use to call him “Cristobal Colon”
哥倫布不過是他的姓氏翻譯成英語的方式……順便說一下,西班牙人通常稱他為“克里斯托瓦爾·科隆”。
Maybe that WAS the case. But this Spaniard who was at my school, was a great friend of another Spaniard at my school, a certain Francisco Franco, nephew of the caudillo.
也許事實就是如此。但是這個在我學校的西班牙人,是我學校另一個西班牙人的好朋友,一個叫弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥的人,是考迪羅的侄子。
The identity of Christopher Columbus has been a topic of debate among historians, particularly regarding his nationality and background. Here are some key points to consider:
克里斯托弗·哥倫布的身份一直是歷史學家爭論的話題,特別是關于他的國籍和背景。以下是一些關鍵點:
出生地和國籍認同:哥倫布出生于熱那亞,位于現(xiàn)代意大利境內(nèi)。在他生活的時代,意大利的政治格局分散為多個城市國家,國籍認同并不像今天那么明確。因此,他通常被稱為意大利人,因為他的出生地。
文化影響:雖然哥倫布的家族可能與加泰羅尼亞有聯(lián)系,還有一些理論認為他可能有猶太血統(tǒng),但沒有確鑿的證據(jù)來證實這些說法。他的著作顯示出多種文化的影響,但他在官方信件中使用的主要語言是西班牙語,這反映了他長期為西班牙王室服務的事實。
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語言:哥倫布主要用西班牙語寫作,幾乎沒有證據(jù)表明他流利地講意大利語。他的文件和信件大多是用西班牙語寫成的,這是他在航行和與西班牙王室互動時所使用的語言。
歷史背景:在19世紀,當民族身份變得更加明顯時,哥倫布作為意大利探險家的敘述得到了鞏固。他的航行在西班牙的探索和殖民背景中具有重要意義,因此他與西班牙的關聯(lián)遠超過與意大利或其他地區(qū)的關聯(lián)。
In summary, Columbus is considered Italian primarily due to his birthplace in Genoa and the historical context surrounding his life. The theories about his Catalan or Jewish heritage remain speculative and have not been conclusively proven.
遺產(chǎn)和神話:隨著時間的推移,哥倫布已成為探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)的象征,這往往掩蓋了他身份的復雜性。人們的關注點更多地轉(zhuǎn)向了他的成就及其后果,而不是他的個人背景。
總之,哥倫布之所以被認為是意大利人,主要是因為他出生于熱那亞以及圍繞他生活的歷史背景。關于他加泰羅尼亞或猶太血統(tǒng)的理論仍然是推測性的,尚未得到確鑿證明。
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did you even read the lixed wiki page?
there are many hypoteses: that he was Catalan, Jewish, Greek, Portuguese, Polish, or from Sardinia, Corsica, Norway, Scotland.. or from another planet!!!
but the conclusion is that he was almost certainly from Genoa.
look at the “The testimony of the ambassadors” as well as “Support for the Genoese origin from contemporary European writers” paragraphs!
你有認真閱讀鏈接的維基頁面嗎?
有很多假設:他可能是加泰羅尼亞人、猶太人、希臘人、葡萄牙人、波蘭人,或者來自撒丁島、科西嘉島、挪威、蘇格蘭……甚至可能來自其他星球?。?!
但結(jié)論是他幾乎可以肯定來自熱那亞。看看“使節(jié)的證詞”以及“來自當代歐洲作家的對熱那亞起源的支持”這兩個段落!
I’d heard years ago on the History Channel he was likely Catalan and Jewish. There’s also no need to be rude in your answer, perhaps it is something lost in translation if you’re from Italy…
我?guī)啄昵霸跉v史頻道聽說他可能是加泰羅尼亞人和猶太人。你的回答中沒有必要這么無禮,也許如果你來自意大利,這在翻譯上有所誤解……
I agree and Catalan and Genovese can be related languages but Barcelona and her area NEVER have been part of Genoa.
我同意,加泰羅尼亞語和熱那亞語是相關的語言,但巴塞羅那及其周邊地區(qū)從來沒有屬于熱那亞。
Language is not the main reason to establish nationality. I think the nationality you believe you belong accounts the most . Birth place too . About Italy it’s hard to understand a Sicilian or a person from bari sounds like a different language . I did study Italian ,and visit Italy , in Genova was no problem. As for Colombo I don’t know that much , but I know he had an affair with queen Isabela , ferdinado find out , and he wanted to get ridd mr Chris so he gave him the 4 ships , to keep his wife . I don’t know if was true but was rumor, who knows the true . People moved around Europe as the do today ,I believe he was Italian , his crew I think was Italian as Americo Vespucci , again I can be wrong , the only things I know I’m right is what I see with my own eyes , internet is full of false statements, some from goverments propaganda, or people who quess what happen many years ago .any way America war discovered many years before Colombo , the Indians look like north east Siberians crossing the icy sea to Alaska .
語言并不是確定國籍的主要原因。我認為你認為自己屬于哪個國籍才是最重要的。出生地也是如此。在意大利,理解西西里人或來自巴里的人的語言是很困難的。我學習過意大利語,也訪問過意大利,在熱那亞沒有問題。至于哥倫布,我了解得不多,但我知道他與伊莎貝拉女王有染,費迪南德發(fā)現(xiàn)后想要擺脫哥倫布,所以給了他四艘船,以便保住他的妻子。我不知道這是否屬實,但這是個傳聞,誰知道真相。人們在歐洲各地遷移,和今天一樣,我相信他是意大利人,他的船員我認為也是意大利人,就像亞美利哥·維斯普奇一樣,當然我也可能錯了。我唯一知道的是我所看到的,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)充滿了虛假的陳述,有些是來自政府的宣傳,或者人們對許多年前發(fā)生的事情的猜測。不管怎樣,美國在哥倫布之前很多年就已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn),印第安人的外貌看起來像從西伯利亞東北部穿越冰海來到阿拉斯加的人。
Some people claim that Columbus was Chinese, or a Muslim descended from the Moors. Why is it so difficult to accept that Columbus was a (very) Christian Italian from Genoa? Sometimes a chair is just a chair.
有些人聲稱哥倫布是中國人,或者是穆斯林后裔,來自摩爾人。為什么這么難以接受哥倫布是一個(非常)虔誠的意大利人,來自熱那亞?有時候椅子就是椅子而已。
Because, as wrote Emilio Garavaglia he was from Liguria, so he was actually Italian
因為,正如埃米利奧·加拉瓦利亞所寫,他來自利古里亞,所以他實際上是意大利人。
He and his family did live in Italy though they were almost certainly Sephardi Jews that converted to Roman Catholicism .
他和他的家人確實住在意大利,盡管他們幾乎可以肯定是塞法爾迪猶太人,后來改信了羅馬天主教。
Columbus was an evil murdering European who had huge numbers of friendly helpful aboriginal people murdered or enslaved. Who wants to claim him?
哥倫布是一個邪惡的歐洲殺人犯,他殺害或奴役了大量友好的、樂于助人的土著人。誰想認領他?