題圖。
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The Justice Department on Wednesday said Google should have to sell off its popular Chrome browser as part of a court-ordered fix to its monopolization of the online search market.

美國(guó)司法部周三表示，作為法院下令解決谷歌壟斷在線(xiàn)搜索市場(chǎng)問(wèn)題的一部分，谷歌必須出售其廣受歡迎的Chrome瀏覽器。

The request follows the government’s victory this year in an antitrust case against Google and is likely to kick off a heightened legal fight with wide-reaching implications for the tech giant’s core business.

這一要求是在政府今年勝訴谷歌反壟斷案之后提出的，很可能會(huì)引發(fā)一場(chǎng)對(duì)這家科技巨頭核心業(yè)務(wù)影響深遠(yuǎn)的激烈法律斗爭(zhēng)。

Government lawyers said competition can only be restored if Google separates its search engine from products it has built to access the internet, such as Chrome and its Android mobile operating system. Chrome controls about two-thirds of the global browser market, according to the website Statcounter. Searches in the Chrome address bar go through Google unless a user changes the settings.

政府律師表示，只有谷歌將其搜索引擎與其開(kāi)發(fā)的上網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品（如Chrome瀏覽器和安卓手機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)）分開(kāi)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)才能恢復(fù)。據(jù)Statcounter網(wǎng)站稱(chēng)，Chrome瀏覽器控制著全球約三分之二的瀏覽器市場(chǎng)。除非用戶(hù)更改設(shè)置，否則在Chrome瀏覽器地址欄中的搜索默認(rèn)將通過(guò)谷歌進(jìn)行。

The Justice Department also requested that Google be prevented from giving preferential access to its search engine on devices that use its Android mobile operating system. If Google violated that rule in the future, it would have to divest Android as well under the government’s proposal.

司法部還要求阻止谷歌在使用其安卓移動(dòng)操作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備上默認(rèn)使用其搜索引擎。如果谷歌今后違反了這一規(guī)定，根據(jù)政府的提議，它也必須剝離安卓系統(tǒng)。

Android runs on billions of smartphones from manufacturers such as Samsung, along with Google’s own Pixel devices.

三星等制造商生產(chǎn)的數(shù)十億部智能手機(jī)以及谷歌自己的Pixel設(shè)備上都運(yùn)行著安卓系統(tǒng)。

Google would also be forbidden from paying to be the default search engine on any browser, including Chrome under its new owner. Google currently pays Apple tens of billions of dollars a year to be the default on its Safari browser.

谷歌還將被禁止付費(fèi)成為任何瀏覽器的默認(rèn)搜索引擎，包括新東家旗下的Chrome瀏覽器。目前，谷歌每年向蘋(píng)果公司支付數(shù)百億美元，以成為其Safari瀏覽器的默認(rèn)搜索引擎。

“The remedy must enable and encourage the development of an unfettered search ecosystem that induces entry, competition and innovation as rivals vie to win the business of consumers and advertisers,” the department and over two dozen state plaintiffs wrote.

該部門(mén)和二十多個(gè)州的原告寫(xiě)道：“補(bǔ)救措施必須能夠促進(jìn)和鼓勵(lì)不受約束的搜索生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，從而在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手爭(zhēng)奪消費(fèi)者和廣告商的業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)誘導(dǎo)進(jìn)入、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和創(chuàng)新?！?/b>

The government’s proposal also goes after Google’s role in the young artificial-intelligence market, which is starting to displace traditional search. The Justice Department wants the court to compel Google to allow website publishers to opt out of having their data used to train its AI models. Alternatively, the search giant could pay publishers to use their data.

政府的提案還針對(duì)谷歌在新生的人工智能市場(chǎng)中扮演的角色，因?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄苷_(kāi)始取代傳統(tǒng)搜索。司法部希望法院強(qiáng)制谷歌允許網(wǎng)站出版商選擇不將其數(shù)據(jù)用于訓(xùn)練人工智能模型?；蛘?，谷歌可以付錢(qián)給出版商，讓谷歌利用其數(shù)據(jù)。

Kent Walker, Google president of global affairs, described the Justice Department’s suggested remedy as a “wildly overbroad proposal” that would “harm Americans and America’s global technology leadership.” He said Google would file its own proposed remedy to the court in December.

谷歌全球事務(wù)總裁肯特-沃克認(rèn)為司法部提出的補(bǔ)救措施是一個(gè)“過(guò)于寬泛的建議”，將“損害美國(guó)人和美國(guó)的全球技術(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位”。他說(shuō)，谷歌將在12月向法院提交自己的補(bǔ)救建議。

About half of U.S. internet searches go through products where Google has paid to be the default, including Android phones, Apple devices and browsers such as Firefox, according to U.S. District Judge Amit Mehta’s opinion. Another 20% go through Chrome browsers that users have downloaded themselves and default to Google search.

根據(jù)美國(guó)地區(qū)法官阿米特-梅塔的意見(jiàn)，大約一半的美國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索是通過(guò)谷歌付費(fèi)默認(rèn)使用的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行的，包括安卓手機(jī)、蘋(píng)果設(shè)備和火狐等瀏覽器。另有20%的用戶(hù)通過(guò)自己下載的Chrome瀏覽器進(jìn)行搜索，這些瀏覽器也默認(rèn)使用谷歌搜索。

Advertisements next to search results accounted for 57% of Google parent Alphabet’s $307 billion of revenue last year.

在谷歌母公司Alphabet去年3070億美元的收入中，搜索結(jié)果旁的廣告占了57%。

Mehta will oversee a trial starting in April to decide how to address Google’s antitrust violations. The judge has said he plans to decide by August. Google is expected to appeal his decision. That could delay the impact of a ruling for months or years.

梅塔將監(jiān)督明年4月份開(kāi)始的審判，以決定如何處理谷歌的反壟斷違法行為。法官表示，他計(jì)劃在8月前做出裁決。預(yù)計(jì)谷歌將對(duì)他的裁決提出上訴。這可能會(huì)使裁決的影響推遲數(shù)月或數(shù)年。
A drastic proposal 一個(gè)大膽的建議

Wednesday’s filing is the capstone of a legal effort by Biden administration antitrust enforcers to dilute the dominance of Google, Apple and Amazon.com. Google was the first of the defendants to get to a courtroom and the proposal to spin off Chrome shows how far the government will go to cut the tech giants down to size.

周三提交的文件是拜登政府反壟斷執(zhí)法人員為削弱谷歌、蘋(píng)果和亞馬遜公司的主導(dǎo)地位而進(jìn)行的法律努力的頂點(diǎn)。谷歌是第一個(gè)出庭的被告，而分拆Chrome瀏覽器的提案表明，政府將在多大程度上削減科技巨頭的規(guī)模。

In an opinion 25 years ago, judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated a lower court’s order to break up Microsoft. They suggest that remedy was only appropriate when a monopoly had been formed through mergers, as opposed to organically grown.

在25年前的一份意見(jiàn)書(shū)中，美國(guó)哥倫比亞特區(qū)巡回上訴法院的法官們撤銷(xiāo)了下級(jí)法院解散微軟的命令。他們認(rèn)為，只有當(dāng)壟斷不是自然成長(zhǎng)而是通過(guò)兼并形成的，才適合采取這種補(bǔ)救措施。

While the Justice Department will gain a new antitrust chief after President-elect Donald Trump takes office, Republicans have generally supported antitrust action against the company. The department filed the lawsuit in 2020 when Trump was president.

當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)唐納德-特朗普上任后，司法部將迎來(lái)一位新的反壟斷主管，但共和黨人普遍支持對(duì)該公司采取反壟斷行動(dòng)。司法部于2020年提起訴訟，當(dāng)時(shí)特朗普還是總統(tǒng)。
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Google’s policy of pre-installing its search engine on Android devices and defaulting Chrome searches to itself have made it nearly impossible for rivals to gain the users and data required to improve their search engines and compete, Mehta ruled earlier this year.

梅塔今年早些時(shí)候裁定，谷歌在安卓設(shè)備上預(yù)裝搜索引擎和默認(rèn)使用Chrome瀏覽器搜索的政策使競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手幾乎不可能獲得改進(jìn)搜索引擎和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)所需的用戶(hù)和數(shù)據(jù)。

Search engines typically improve based on the data they gather from searches conducted by users, in a cycle where success leads to higher quality which leads to even more success.

搜索引擎通常會(huì)根據(jù)從用戶(hù)搜索中收集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，在這個(gè)循環(huán)中，成功會(huì)帶來(lái)更高的質(zhì)量，而質(zhì)量又會(huì)帶來(lái)更大的成功。
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Spinning off Chrome and Android would be the most effective way to ensure other search engines get an opportunity to compete, said Fiona Scott Morton, a Yale University economist who served in the Justice Department during the Obama administration. As long as Google controls them, it will have a strong incentive to steer users toward its own search engine, she argued.

曾在奧巴馬政府期間任職于司法部的耶魯大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家菲奧娜-斯科特-莫頓說(shuō)，分拆Chrome和Android將是確保其他搜索引擎有機(jī)會(huì)參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的最有效方式。她認(rèn)為，只要谷歌控制了這兩個(gè)搜索引擎，它就會(huì)有強(qiáng)烈的動(dòng)機(jī)把用戶(hù)引向自己的搜索引擎。

The Justice Department and the dozens of states that joined the lawsuit went back and forth on potential remedies in recent days. They initially planned to ask for a spinoff of Chrome only if Google failed to comply with limits on how it ties search to its other products.

最近幾天，司法部和加入訴訟的數(shù)十個(gè)州就潛在的補(bǔ)救措施進(jìn)行了反復(fù)討論。他們最初計(jì)劃，只有當(dāng)谷歌不遵守將搜索與其他產(chǎn)品聯(lián)系起來(lái)的限制時(shí)，才會(huì)要求分拆Chrome瀏覽器。

But on Wednesday, the plaintiffs decided to seek a sale of Chrome independent of any other conditions, people familiar with the matter said.

但周三，原告決定尋求出售Chrome瀏覽器，不考慮任何其他條件。
Chrome’s importance to Google Chrome瀏覽器對(duì)谷歌的重要性

Android and Chrome have been central to Google’s fortunes over the past two decades. Google CEO Sundar Pichai helped lead the development of Chrome in 2008 and later oversaw Android after its creator Andy Rubin stepped aside from his leadership role.

過(guò)去二十年來(lái)，安卓和Chrome瀏覽器一直是谷歌的核心業(yè)務(wù)。谷歌首席執(zhí)行官桑達(dá)爾-皮查伊在2008年幫助領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了Chrome瀏覽器的開(kāi)發(fā)，后來(lái)又在安卓系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)建者安迪-魯賓卸任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)后負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管安卓系統(tǒng)。

If Google sold Chrome, the new owner could sext a company to be the default search engine, or users might have to choose an option.

如果谷歌出售Chrome瀏覽器，新的所有者可以選擇一家公司作為默認(rèn)搜索引擎，或者用戶(hù)必須手動(dòng)選擇一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

As the world’s most popular search engine, Google would likely still get many queries through Chrome, Safari and other browsers if the Justice Department gets its way. But even a small loss could upend an industry in which competitors including Microsoft’s Bing and the independent DuckDuckGo have single-digit market shares.

作為全球最受歡迎的搜索引擎，如果司法部得逞，谷歌可能仍會(huì)通過(guò)Chrome、Safari和其他瀏覽器獲得大量查詢(xún)。但即使是很小的損失，也可能會(huì)顛覆這個(gè)行業(yè)，因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)行業(yè)中，包括微軟必應(yīng)和獨(dú)立的DuckDuckGo（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜索引擎）在內(nèi)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的市場(chǎng)份額僅為個(gè)位數(shù)。

DuckDuckGo said queries through its search engine on Chrome rose about 75% in Europe after Google introduced a “choice screen” in the browser in response to the European unx’s Digital Markets Act.

DuckDuckGo表示，在谷歌為響應(yīng)歐盟《數(shù)字市場(chǎng)法案》而在瀏覽器中引入“瀏覽器選擇屏”后，Chrome瀏覽器上的搜索引擎查詢(xún)量在歐洲上升了約75%。

A divestiture of Chrome would also deprive Google of user data that help it deliver targeted advertisements. Google encourages users to sign in when using Chrome, which makes it easier for the company to track their online activity.

剝離Chrome瀏覽器還將使谷歌失去幫助其發(fā)布定向廣告的用戶(hù)數(shù)據(jù)。谷歌鼓勵(lì)用戶(hù)在使用Chrome瀏覽器時(shí)登錄，這使該公司更容易跟蹤用戶(hù)的在線(xiàn)活動(dòng)。

The Justice Department’s proposal asks for Google to have to share its search data with competitors.

司法部的提案要求谷歌必須與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手共享搜索數(shù)據(jù)。