日本的 900 萬棟（而且還在增加）廢棄房屋
Japan’s 9 Million (And Growing) Abandoned Homes: The 'Akiya' Phenomenon | CNA Correspondent
譯文簡介
日本有一個(gè)不同尋常的住房問題--空置房屋比想搬進(jìn)去的人還多。事實(shí)上，日本的空置房屋多達(dá)900萬套。隨著年輕人到大城市找工作，他們的家庭住房在老房主去世后就變成了廢墟。但是，這些空房子（日語稱為“あきや”）可能會(huì)帶來安全隱患，并阻礙搖搖欲墜的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)的再開發(fā)計(jì)劃。媒體對(duì)日本“あきや”困境的日益關(guān)注導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)“あきや”的興趣與日俱增，吸引了急于利用日元貶值的外國買家。
由于受到人口減少的威脅，越來越多的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘苍趯で髮⑶镂莞慕ǔ少e館、餐館和商店以重振他們的社區(qū)--政府通常會(huì)提供慷慨的補(bǔ)貼。CNA走遍日本農(nóng)村，探尋日本如何努力尋找解決垣屋問題的辦法，恢復(fù)城鎮(zhèn)昔日的輝煌。這些空置房屋是真的毫無價(jià)值，還是一個(gè)意想不到的寶庫？
正文翻譯
日本有一個(gè)不同尋常的住房問題--空置房屋比想搬進(jìn)去的人還多。事實(shí)上，日本的空置房屋多達(dá)900萬套。隨著年輕人到大城市找工作，他們的家庭住房在老房主去世后就變成了廢墟。但是，這些空房子（日語稱為“あきや”）可能會(huì)帶來安全隱患，并阻礙搖搖欲墜的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)的再開發(fā)計(jì)劃。媒體對(duì)日本“あきや”困境的日益關(guān)注導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)“あきや”的興趣與日俱增，吸引了急于利用日元貶值的外國買家。
由于受到人口減少的威脅，越來越多的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘苍趯で髮⑶镂莞慕ǔ少e館、餐館和商店以重振他們的社區(qū)--政府通常會(huì)提供慷慨的補(bǔ)貼。CNA走遍日本農(nóng)村，探尋日本如何努力尋找解決垣屋問題的辦法，恢復(fù)城鎮(zhèn)昔日的輝煌。這些空置房屋是真的毫無價(jià)值，還是一個(gè)意想不到的寶庫？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
由于受到人口減少的威脅，越來越多的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘苍趯で髮⑶镂莞慕ǔ少e館、餐館和商店以重振他們的社區(qū)--政府通常會(huì)提供慷慨的補(bǔ)貼。CNA走遍日本農(nóng)村，探尋日本如何努力尋找解決垣屋問題的辦法，恢復(fù)城鎮(zhèn)昔日的輝煌。這些空置房屋是真的毫無價(jià)值，還是一個(gè)意想不到的寶庫？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
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Japan has an unusual housing problem – more vacant homes than people wanting to move in. In fact, as many as 9 million of them. As young people move to the big cities to find work, their family homes are left to fall into ruin after their elderly owners die. But these empty houses – known as ‘a(chǎn)kiya’ in Japanese – can pose safety hazards and impede redevelopment plans in crumbling rural towns. Increased media spotlight on Japan’s akiya woes is leading to growing interest in akiya - drawing foreign buyers eager to take advantage of the falling yen.
Threatened by dwindling populations, more locals are also seeking to rejuvenate their communities by turning akiya into guesthouses, eateries and stores – often with generous government subsidies. CNA travels across rural Japan to find out how the country is trying to find solutions for akiya and restore its towns to their former glory. Are these vacant homes truly devoid of value, or are they an unexpected treasure trove?
日本有一個(gè)不同尋常的住房問題--空置房屋比想搬進(jìn)去的人還多。事實(shí)上，日本的空置房屋多達(dá)900萬套。隨著年輕人到大城市找工作，他們的家庭住房在老房主去世后就變成了廢墟。但是，這些空房子（日語稱為“あきや”）可能會(huì)帶來安全隱患，并阻礙搖搖欲墜的農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)的再開發(fā)計(jì)劃。媒體對(duì)日本“あきや”困境的日益關(guān)注導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)“あきや”的興趣與日俱增，吸引了急于利用日元貶值的外國買家。
由于受到人口減少的威脅，越來越多的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘苍趯で髮⑶镂莞慕ǔ少e館、餐館和商店以重振他們的社區(qū)--政府通常會(huì)提供慷慨的補(bǔ)貼。CNA走遍日本農(nóng)村，探尋日本如何努力尋找解決垣屋問題的辦法，恢復(fù)城鎮(zhèn)昔日的輝煌。這些空置房屋是真的毫無價(jià)值，還是一個(gè)意想不到的寶庫？
I have a friend in Japan married to a Japanese lady. He invested in an Akiya. He has been treated well as his work to improve and turn several other homes in the area to rentals that provide vacation homes to visitors to the community.
我在日本有個(gè)朋友娶了位日本太太。他投資了一棟空巢房屋(日語稱Akiya)。由于他將該區(qū)域多套閑置房屋改造成了度假租賃房源，為社區(qū)游客提供住宿服務(wù)，因此受到了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦臍g迎和善待。
@David-p5v1k For a lot of reasons, homes aren't investments in Japan. It's the plot of land that holds the value, not the structure.
@David-p5v1k 出于多方面的原因，在日本，房屋本身并不被視為投資品。真正具有價(jià)值的是土地本身，而不是地面上的建筑物。
@a.girouard2988 maybe but you can not rent a derelict plot to a visitor.
Good effort the person turning the abandoned homes into economic activity.
@a.girouard2988 也許你說得對(duì)，但一塊荒廢的土地是無法出租給游客的。
將廢棄的房屋改造成能夠產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的資產(chǎn)，這種努力值得贊賞。
@DR-00700 I'll say it again; houses are not considered investments in Japan. It is a widespread and commonly accepted practice to demolish existing homes on plots on land that have been purchased because the Japanese prefer new homes. A new home has no history of exposure to seismic events and this no possibility of structural compromise which leaves them vulnerable to the next seismic event.
In addition, new homes are built according to the latest building codes that address earthquake resilience. That's just a fact of life here, and there's no market in converting vacant or abandoned homes into rental properties in poorly serviced rural areas with declining populations. Otherwise more people would be doing it
@DR-00700 我要再次強(qiáng)調(diào)：在日本，房屋確實(shí)不被視為投資品。購買土地后拆除現(xiàn)有房屋是普遍且被廣泛接受的做法，因?yàn)槿毡救烁嗖A新建住宅。新建房屋沒有經(jīng)歷過地震的歷史，也就不存在結(jié)構(gòu)受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，能更好地抵御下一次地震。
此外，新建住宅都按照最新的抗震建筑規(guī)范建造，這就是日本的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況。在那些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后、人口持續(xù)減少的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，將空置或廢棄房屋改造成出租物業(yè)根本沒有市場。如果真的有利可圖，早就有人大批量這么做了。
@a.girouard2988 You can say that as much as you want, but when the money is rolling in, it's absolutely an investment. You can't argue with your bank account.
@a.girouard2988 你可以一直堅(jiān)持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，但當(dāng)資金源源不斷流入時(shí)，這就是實(shí)實(shí)在在的投資。銀行賬戶里的數(shù)字是最有力的證明。
@ the comment made was that a person was doing it. This would suggest there is demand his case,the question would be is it economic between the purchase price, the renovation cost and the operating cost. If renovated rentals give a return good on them and it brings economic activity back to the village which is jobs which keep young people in the village. You seem to confuse a rental investment with a capital gain investment, I did not suggest or talk to a capital flipping activity. You convolute the point with what was not spoken to.
原評(píng)論說的是確實(shí)有人正在這么做，這說明市場需求是存在的。問題的關(guān)鍵在于購置成本、翻新費(fèi)用和運(yùn)營開支之間是否能夠達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡。如果改造后的租賃物業(yè)能夠產(chǎn)生良好的收益，并且能為村莊帶回經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)留住年輕人，那何樂而不為呢？你似乎將租賃投資與資本增值投資混為一談了，我討論的從來都不是炒房投機(jī)行為。你這是在偷換概念，把我沒有提到的內(nèi)容強(qiáng)加進(jìn)來。
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So sad. If only people would realise the quality of life in these rural areas is far greater than in overcrowded and polluted cities.
這種情況真是令人遺憾。要是人們能夠意識(shí)到這些鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的生活質(zhì)量其實(shí)遠(yuǎn)高于那些過度擁擠、污染嚴(yán)重的城市就好了。
The quality of life is not so good. That's why people have moved out. You can read the details in the message here by me and others who have lived in rural Japan.
生活質(zhì)量并沒有那么好，這正是人們搬離的原因。你可以仔細(xì)閱讀我和其他曾在日本鄉(xiāng)村生活過的人在這里留言分享的具體情況。
Not if they don't have money or family in those areas then it isn't quality of life at all it's lonely and poor
如果在那里既沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)也沒有親人相伴，那就完全談不上什么生活質(zhì)量了——只會(huì)陷入孤獨(dú)與貧困的困境。
They don't have polluted cities. Tokyo is cleaner and more silent then most small towns in America
日本的城市根本不存在污染問題。事實(shí)上，東京的整潔程度和安靜氛圍甚至超過了美國絕大多數(shù)小城鎮(zhèn)。
This is why telework or remote work is crucial to keep people in these areas.
這正是遠(yuǎn)程辦公模式對(duì)于維持這些地區(qū)的人口至關(guān)重要的根本原因。
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Korea has a similar issue, although there are only about 1 million abandoned homes as of right now.
Young and middle aged people all move to the capital and have to stay there while paying for outrageous rent.
The government really should try to more proactively tackle the problem of population consolidation and try to move out more businesses to rural areas to attract more people to go back once more.
韓國也面臨著類似的困境，盡管目前僅有約100萬套廢棄房屋。
年輕人和中年人全都涌向了首都圈，不得不忍受著天價(jià)房租在那里生活。
政府確實(shí)應(yīng)該采取更積極的措施來解決人口過度集中的問題，通過將更多企業(yè)遷往農(nóng)村地區(qū)來吸引人們重新回歸。
Yeah my family is from Korea and it's kind of odd they don't have an Akiya system since their population crisis is actually worse than Japan's. My cousin says it's because people in Korea hold onto their houses thinking one day the prices will either go back up or their kids will finally come home.
我的家族來自韓國，令人費(fèi)解的是韓國沒有建立類似Akiya的空屋處理制度，盡管他們的人口危機(jī)比日本更為嚴(yán)峻。據(jù)我的表兄解釋，這是因?yàn)轫n國人總是抱著兩種幻想不愿放手房產(chǎn)：要么期待房價(jià)有朝一日回升，要么盼望子女最終返鄉(xiāng)。
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@bayouboyentertainment2106 for the cases I've heard about it's actually because the families couldn't find a buyer at all so they just abandoned the houses (they usually have unpleasant histories though). All in all I think there are quite a lot of reasons, including the ones you mentioned, the issue is probably even more complex.
But for the lack of akiyas i think the one reason might be that there aren't really that many old/traditional hanoks worth preservation, the culture in korean construction is to build quick houses and they demolish them in a couple of decades or so i heard.
On the other hand houses with even remote historical value are already being utilized as museums or cafes etc to attract domestic tourists even in rural areas! Plus some are used for variety show filming etc.
@bayouboyentertainment2106 根據(jù)我了解到的情況，很多家庭是因?yàn)楦菊也坏劫I家才被迫放棄房產(chǎn)（盡管這些房子往往有不愉快的過往）?？傮w來看原因非常復(fù)雜，包括你提到的那些因素。
至于為何沒有形成Akiya制度，我認(rèn)為一個(gè)重要的原因是韓國值得保留的傳統(tǒng)韓屋數(shù)量有限——韓國建筑文化傾向于快速建造住宅，聽說通常幾十年就會(huì)拆除重建。
不過另一方面，但凡有些許歷史價(jià)值的房屋，即便在偏遠(yuǎn)鄉(xiāng)村也都被改造成了博物館、咖啡館等旅游設(shè)施來吸引國內(nèi)游客！還有些被用作綜藝節(jié)目的拍攝場地等等。
Since Japan is completely urbanized, property price in Tokyo still high even thought it's not "skyrocketing" like during 1970s-1990's while in rural area, some people even offer their abandoned house for free yet nobody want it.
由于日本已經(jīng)完全城市化，東京的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格雖然不像1970-90年代那樣"飆升"，但依然維持在高位。反觀農(nóng)村地區(qū)，有些人甚至愿意免費(fèi)贈(zèng)送廢棄的房屋都無人問津。
We built our house after demolishing an Akiya in Kobe. The land was dirt cheap, and although difficult to construct on, an absolute gem of a property. Nobody was selling it, though, because the big developers weren't interested. We found it by talking to our neighbors.
我們?cè)谏駪舨鸪粭澘粘卜课莺笞越俗≌?。這塊土地的價(jià)格極其低廉，雖然地基施工存在難度，但確實(shí)是塊不可多得的寶地。之所以一直無人出售，是因?yàn)榇笮烷_發(fā)商對(duì)其毫無興趣。我們是通過與鄰居閑聊才偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)的。
The tax incentive's help, but the rebuild and maintenance costs are far too high for a lot of Japanese people. Also as others point out, demolition cost shouldn't be so excessive.
There are deeper issues at play here and certainly many more stories to report.
稅收優(yōu)惠政策確實(shí)有所幫助，但對(duì)多數(shù)日本人而言，重建和維護(hù)的成本仍然高得難以承受。正如其他人指出的，房屋的拆除費(fèi)用也不應(yīng)該如此高昂。
這背后反映著更深層次的社會(huì)問題，值得挖掘的故事還有很多。
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In the Philippines, there are some abandoned houses especially in the provinces where young people are moving to big cities and other countries for many reasons like abandonment of the provincial life, changes of development in less developed towns leaving agricultural life abandoned and abandonment of provincial culture
In Quezon Province, Eastern Quezon has a demographic time bomb because in the 2020 census by the Philippine Statistics Authority that almost 2/3 of towns in Eastern Quezon are depopulated for the first time including General Luna where the population decline to 24,000 from 25,000 in 2015
In Indonesia, there are some abandoned traditional houses especially in Sumatra and Java like Minangkabau houses because some of them are now lived in modern houses and others are moving to big cities like Medan and Jakarta
菲律賓同樣存在房屋廢棄現(xiàn)象，尤其在各省份表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯——年輕人因?yàn)閰捑豚l(xiāng)村生活、欠發(fā)達(dá)城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展變革導(dǎo)致農(nóng)耕生活被拋棄、地方文化遭遺忘等多種原因，紛紛遷往大城市或海外。
以奎松省東部為例，菲律賓統(tǒng)計(jì)局2020年的人口普查顯示，該地區(qū)近三分之二的城鎮(zhèn)首次出現(xiàn)人口減少，其中General Luna鎮(zhèn)的人口從2015年的25000人下降至24000人，這就像一顆人口定時(shí)炸彈。
印度尼西亞的情況也類似，蘇門答臘和爪哇島上的傳統(tǒng)民居（如米南加保式房屋）正被大量廢棄，部分原因是居民搬入了現(xiàn)代化住宅，還有許多人遷移到了棉蘭、雅加達(dá)等大城市。
Great video to address this serious problem! We live in a self renovated Akiya on the Noto peninsula. It is a lot work and cost to fix an akiya, however if you love nature, ocean and countryside I can highly recommend it!
這個(gè)直面嚴(yán)峻社會(huì)問題的視頻做得太棒了！我們目前就住在能登半島一棟自己翻新的空巢房屋里。雖然改造工程耗費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間和資金，但如果你熱愛自然、向往海洋與鄉(xiāng)村生活，我強(qiáng)烈推薦這種生活方式！
Not everyone can afford to spend tens of thousands of dollars on renovations, nor may they be physically capable of doing them, nor are people willing to live for years on end in a half-finished home.
并非每個(gè)人都有能力承擔(dān)數(shù)萬美元的翻修費(fèi)用，也不見得都具備親自施工的體力條件，更不用說長期忍受住在半成品房屋里的生活了。
@a.girouard2988 , I don't mind to live in a half finished house, kitchen, bathroom and sleeping room are done. The rest takes time because of material cost and working time, but I'm not in a hurry. If you want luxury an akiya is not for you. You definitely can't compare it to houses in Europe or the US, that's for sure!
@a.girouard2988 我個(gè)人完全不介意住在未完全裝修好的房子里——只要廚房、浴室和臥室完工就夠了。其他部分由于材料成本和工時(shí)問題可以慢慢來，反正我也不著急。如果你追求豪華舒適的生活品質(zhì)，那么空巢房屋肯定不適合你，這種房子的居住條件確實(shí)無法與歐美住宅相提并論，這點(diǎn)毋庸置疑！
@uliseki8137 It's not a question of living in luxury, it's a question of living comfortably. Something that is hard to do in a lot of rural Japanese communities, especially ones in areas destroyed by recent earthquakes like yours.
@uliseki8137 這根本不是追求奢侈與否的問題，而是關(guān)乎基本的生活舒適度。在日本的很多鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)——特別是像你所在的那種近期遭受過地震破壞的地區(qū)——想要獲得舒適的生活條件確實(shí)非常困難。
@a.girouard2988 , true, it's not easy especially when you suffer from a chronic incurable disease like I do. I still try to enjoy what we have and if I can't handle it anymore I have to think of something else.
@a.girouard2988 確實(shí)如此，特別是像我這樣患有慢性不治之癥的人更不容易。但我仍在努力享受現(xiàn)有的一切，如果哪天實(shí)在堅(jiān)持不下去了，再考慮其他選擇吧。
Japan is very beautiful but... it gets really sad most of the time. I am Filipino-Japanese and I used to work in Japan for 5 years then I personally decided to go back to Philippines for good due to depression in the last few months. I lived in the less populated or touristy areas of Japan, not in Tokyo or Osaka, and it's difficult to socialize with in those areas.
日本確實(shí)非常美麗，但...大多數(shù)時(shí)候這里的氣氛令人感到壓抑。作為菲日混血兒，我曾在日本工作五年，最后因?yàn)槌掷m(xù)數(shù)月的抑郁情緒而決定永久返回菲律賓。我居住在日本那些人口稀少、非旅游熱點(diǎn)的地區(qū)（而非東京或大阪），在這些地方很難進(jìn)行正常的社交活動(dòng)。