國外熱議：為什么中國人稱自己為“zhongguo（中國）”，而其他所有語言都稱其為“China”？

Dandelion Zhang
Zhongguo literally means “the central kingdom” and it has evolved a long way to what it means today.

“中國”(Zhongguo) 的字面意思是“中央王國”，它經(jīng)歷了漫長的演變才成為今天的含義。

The earliest use of the word in its whole dated back to 1111 BC during the Zhou Dynasty. In 1963, archaeologists in Baoji, Shaanxi Province excavated He Zun, a bronze wine vessel of the Zhou Dynasty, on which they found an inscxtion that

該詞作為一個整體的最早使用可追溯到公元前1111年的周朝。1963年，陜西省寶雞市的考古學(xué)家發(fā)掘了周朝的青銅酒器“何尊”，在其上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一段銘文：
唯武王既克大邑商，則廷告于天，曰：余其宅茲中國，自茲乂民。

King Wu (the first ruler of the Zhou Dynasty) has annihilated the Shang Dynasty, after which he held a ritual to offer sacrifice to the Heaven. He claimed, “I shall centre my kingdom here to rule my people.”

周武王（周朝的第一位統(tǒng)治者）消滅了商朝，之后他舉行儀式祭祀上天。他宣稱：“我將我的王國中心定于此處，以統(tǒng)治我的子民。”

Thus, in the earliest time, the word 中國 Zhongguo was appointed the meaning of “the central land of the kingdom” which contemporarily means the land within the Zhou Dynasty where the royal court was situated. Namely, that part of China was called Yuzhou (豫州), which corresponds to today’s Henan Province.

因此，在最早的時候，“中國”(Zhongguo) 一詞被賦予了“王國的中心地帶”的含義，在當(dāng)時指的是周朝王室所在地。具體來說，中國的這一部分被稱為“豫州”，相當(dāng)于今天的河南省。

For a long time, Henan has been the economic, cultural and political centre of Chinese dynasties. Due to this status and its geographical location, the area around Henan was also referred to 中原 Zhongyuan, the central plain. In the ancient times, this roughly corresponded to today’s Henan, and some parts of Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong. Therefore, during the ancient times the words Zhongguo and Zhongyuan could be used interchangeably as synonyms.

在很長一段時間里，河南一直是中國歷代王朝的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和政治中心。由于其地位和地理位置，河南周邊地區(qū)也被稱為“中原”(Zhongyuan)，即中央平原。在古代，這大致相當(dāng)于今天的河南省，以及山西、河北和山東的部分地區(qū)。因此，在古代，“中國”和“中原”這兩個詞可以作為同義詞互換使用。

Gradually, since the area of Zhongguo has continually been the political centre, people started to use Zhongguo to refer to the imperial court or the country itself. Eventually that meaning continued to extend to what it means today: the nation of China.

漸漸地，由于“中國”所指的區(qū)域一直是政治中心，人們開始用“中國”來指代朝廷或國家本身。最終，這個含義不斷擴(kuò)展，演變成今天的意義：中國這個國家。

As for the word “China”, a popular theory of its origin is that it originated in ancient India as a transcxtion of the character 秦 Qin from the Qin Dynasty. The Sanskrit word Cīna used by ancient Indians was passed down to central Asia, the Middle East and Europe through trade routes and eventually evolved to the Latin word Sinoa, and to modern English word China. This theory is very influential among Chinese historians.

至于“China”一詞，一個流行的起源理論認(rèn)為它源于古印度，是秦朝“秦”(Qin)字的音譯。古印度人使用的梵文詞 Cīna 通過貿(mào)易路線傳到中亞、中東和歐洲，最終演變成拉丁語 Sinoa，再到現(xiàn)代英語的 China。這一理論在中國歷史學(xué)家中非常有影響力。

Also I would like to point out that it is not correct to say “in every language it is called China”. For instance, in Russian, China is referred to as Китай, or Kitai in Latin alphabets. This name comes from a major northern nomadic empire, Qidan (契丹) or the Liao Dynasty, during the Song Dynasty.

此外，我想指出，“在每種語言中它都叫China”的說法是不正確的。例如，在俄語中，中國被稱為 Китай（拉丁字母轉(zhuǎn)寫為 Kitai）。這個名字來源于宋朝時期北方一個主要的游牧帝國——契丹（Qidan）或遼朝。

Bujjamma
well, the question is really funny. china is the english name the western world gave to the country.

嗯，這個問題真的很搞笑。“China”是西方世界給這個國家的英文名字。

i’m pretty sure you aren’t aware that every country has its own name and an english name (and different names in different languages).

我非常確定你沒有意識到每個國家都有自己的名字和一個英文名字（并且在不同的語言中還有不同的名字）。

eg-
spain(english), espa?a(spanish)
germany(english), deutschland(german), allemand(french)
this should give you an idea

例如：
西班牙（英語），Espa?a（西班牙語）
德國（英語），Deutschland（德語），Allemagne（法語）
這應(yīng)該能讓你明白點。

Ishika Ishika
It’s there language that’s why..in its own language it's known as 'Zhongguo',

這是他們的語言，所以如此...在他們自己的語言里，它被稱為“中國”(Zhongguo)。

Like in my country India , We called as Indian in other countries but in our own Language in country we call ourselves as “Bhartiya”.

就像在我的國家印度，在其他國家我們被稱為“Indian”（印度人），但在我們自己國家內(nèi)用自己的語言，我們稱自己為“Bhartiya”（婆羅多之子/印度人）。

Because you live in English speaking country so In your country the other country peoples called as Indians or Koreans but in their own language which used in their own country They call it in their language…..

因為你生活在英語國家，所以在你的國家，其他國家的人被稱為 Indians（印度人）或 Koreans（韓國人），但在他們自己國家使用的自己的語言里，他們用他們的語言稱呼自己……

Hope you understand…..That’s all…Thank you

希望你能理解……就這些……謝謝。

Freddie Zhou
Others had already give the detailed explanations. I suppose there's no need for me to ramble on. so I will give you the short version.

其他人已經(jīng)給出了詳細(xì)的解釋。我想我沒必要再啰嗦了。所以我給你一個簡短的版本。

Some time before century when China and the Roman Empire noted each other, China was in Qin(秦) Dynasty. So, the Roman Empire called China, Chin.

在很久以前（公元前后），當(dāng)中國和羅馬帝國互相注意到彼此時，中國正處于秦朝。所以，羅馬帝國稱中國為“Chin”。

With time went on, China moved forward to Han(漢) Dynasty, our ancestors connected with the West through the Silk Road, so many Chinese-made goods including silk, porcelain and many other stuff flushed into the Western Market. Porcelain was one of the most famous goods. So, they called Porcelain as china symbolically.

隨著時間推移，中國進(jìn)入了漢朝，我們的祖先通過絲綢之路與西方連接，許多中國制造的商品，包括絲綢、瓷器以及許多其他東西涌入西方市場。瓷器是最著名的商品之一。所以，他們象征性地稱瓷器為“china”。

As for the reason why Chinese call ourselves as Zhongguo is because that Eastern Asia is a comparatively closed area in ancient times geographically. Chinese believe we are at the center of the world. Zhongguo literally means the Middle Kingdom or the Central Kingdom.

至于為什么中國人稱自己為“中國”，是因為東亞在古代地理上是一個相對封閉的區(qū)域。中國人相信我們處于世界的中心?！爸袊钡淖置嬉馑季褪恰爸醒胪鯂被颉爸行耐鯂薄?br />
Takaharu Sekimoto
A2A; China is an exonym for Zhongguo, which means land in the middle. As far as history is concerned, the Chinese believed their country was the centre of world civilisation.

答問邀答：China 是 Zhongguo 的他稱（外名），意思是“中央之地”。就歷史而言，中國人相信他們的國家是世界文明的中心。

Zhongguo is still the common name in China because the Chinese wish to maintain their national identity, the name of which is a hallmark of their longevity as a cultural nation.

“中國”至今仍是中國的通用名稱，因為中國人希望保持其民族身份，這個名字是他們作為一個文化國家悠久歷史的標(biāo)志。

Yan Zhu
Thank you for your invitation. Your question is too deep. With my shallow knowledge, I don't think I can answer. However, I have read a very interesting article on the Chinese website, which I can translate below. I hope his words can answer your questions

謝謝你的邀請。你的問題太深奧了。以我淺薄的知識，我認(rèn)為我無法回答。不過，我在中文網(wǎng)站上讀過一篇非常有趣的文章，我可以將其翻譯如下。希望他的話能解答你的疑問。

Why is China called zhongguo?

為什么中國被稱為“中國”？

Since ancient times, we have called our country "zhongguo". What is the original meaning of this title? This is a seemingly simple but actually complex problem. About nine out of ten people would say that "zhongguo" originally meant "the country of the center". This is a saying that has taken shape since the middle ages and has been widely accepted by the people. However, from the perspective of ancient Chinese history, this explanation is not tenable. Looking back three thousand years later, the assumption of "the state of the central government" actually underestimates the sacred and lofty meaning of the word "zhongguo".

自古以來，我們就稱自己的國家為“中國”。這個稱呼的本義是什么？這是一個看似簡單實則復(fù)雜的問題。十之八九的人會說，“中國”原本的意思就是“中央之國”。這是自中世紀(jì)以來形成并廣為民眾接受的一種說法。然而，從中國古代史的角度看，這種解釋并不成立?；赝昵埃爸醒胝畤钡脑O(shè)定，實際上低估了“中國”一詞神圣而崇高的含義。

1)Mr. Yu Shengwu, an oracle bone philologist, once wrote an article "interpretation of" zhongguo", trying to explain the origin of our country's national name. In fact, he denied the explanation of "the state of the central government". In ancient times, all ethnic groups in China had moved around, and their scattered residential areas were crisscrossed with "Rong Yi" and distributed in the Central Plains. Later, the Chinese countries eliminated the "Rong Yi" from this plain area with the most superior natural conditions, forming a pattern that China was in the middle and the four Yi people lived outside. As Mr. Yu Shengwu pointed out, this situation was gradually formed after the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It can not be used to explain the concept of "China" that existed in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. In his article, Mr. Yu analyzed the original meanings of "Zhong" and "Guo", but did not directly answer the origin of the combination of "China".

1）甲骨文學(xué)家于省吾先生曾寫過一篇《釋中國》，試圖解釋我國國名的起源。事實上，他否定了“中央之國”的解釋。古代中國各族群都曾遷徙流動，其散居地與“戎夷”犬牙交錯，分布于中原。后來，華夏諸國從這片自然條件最優(yōu)越的平原區(qū)域驅(qū)逐了“戎夷”，形成了中國在內(nèi)、四夷在外的格局。正如于省吾先生指出的，這種情況是東周以后逐漸形成的。它不能用來解釋西周早期就已存在的“中國”概念。于先生在文中分析了“中”和“國”的本義，但并未直接回答“中國”組合的起源。

2） Mr. Gu Jiegang also discussed this topic in his article "xia" and "zhongguo" - the title of the ancient motherland, but he also avoided the literal logical origin of the name "zhongguo". It's just an example of "the people of Zhou used to live in zhongguo.".

2） 顧頡剛先生也在其文章《“夏”和“中國”——祖國的古稱》中討論過這個話題，但他同樣回避了“中國”這一名稱字面邏輯上的起源。只是舉例說“周人曾自居中國”。

This highlights the complexity of the problem and reflects the cautious and realistic academic attitude of the two gentlemen.

這凸顯了問題的復(fù)雜性，也反映了兩位先生謹(jǐn)慎求實的學(xué)術(shù)態(tài)度。

3）Mr Ge Zhaoguang wrote a book named "Zhaizi zhongguo", but he discussed the change of connotation and denotation of the name "zhongguo" from the Song Dynasty. He did not say a word about its origin in the Western Zhou Dynasty or even earlier.

3） 葛兆光先生寫過一本《宅茲中國》，但他討論的是“中國”這一名稱從宋代起內(nèi)涵和外延的變化。對其在西周甚至更早的起源，卻只字未提。

4）"zhongguo" in the book of songs also has the meaning of "capital" (in ancient times, "state" was limited to the city circle). So is the capital necessarily in the center of the territory, so it is called "zhongguo"? In fact, there is no such rule. Pan Geng moved eight times, but he did not often live there. The capital of the shang people moved indefinitely. We can take a look at the capital of Zhou people, who left the earliest examples of using the word "zhongguo".

4）《詩經(jīng)》中的“中國”也有“都城”的含義（在古代，“國”限于城圈范圍）。那么都城必然位于疆域的中心嗎？因此才叫“中國”？事實上，并無此規(guī)則。盤庚遷都八次，并非常住一地。商人的都城遷徙不定。我們可以看看留下了最早使用“中國”一詞實例的周人的都城。


This example is the famous Western Zhou bronze "he Zun" Inscxtion: "zhaici zhongguo". This is what the people of Zhou Dynasty told heaven when they built a new capital Luoyi near Luoyang. Is Luoyi, the "zhongguo" of Zhou people in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, in the center of their territory? At that time, the main body of the Zhou people was still the "Zongzhou" in Zhouyuan, Shaanxi Province. Luoyi was only a stronghold for the Zhou people to control the newly conquered Eastern tribes, far from the center of their own residence. Was it at the center of the known "world" at that time? Let's take a look at the map.

這個例子就是著名的西周青銅器“何尊”銘文：“宅茲中國”。這是周人在洛陽附近營建新都洛邑時告天所說。西周早期周人的“中國”洛邑，位于他們疆域的中心嗎？當(dāng)時，周人的主體仍在陜西周原的“宗周”。洛邑只是周人控制新征服東方部族的一個據(jù)點，遠(yuǎn)離他們自身居住的中心。它是當(dāng)時已知“世界”的中心嗎？我們來看看地圖。



Luoyi (the former site is in the western suburb of Luoyang City today), and even later Luoyang, is located in a narrow basin in the mountains of western Henan. This place is called "Luoyang basin", surrounded by mountains. Geographically, Luoyi is located on the boundary between plain and mountain. To the west of Luoyang, there are basically numerous mountains, only the Yellow River Valley as the channel, which is connected with another narrow plain, Guanzhong Plain, which is closed by mountains. To the east of Luoyang was the fertile, broad, flat and boundless North China Plain, where population and culture flourished at that time. The seven capitals of the Shang Dynasty (shown by the blue dots in the picture) were all located in this area, which was the known center of the "world" at that time.

洛邑（遺址在今洛陽市西郊），乃至后來的洛陽，位于河南西部群山環(huán)抱中的一個狹窄盆地。此地稱為“洛陽盆地”，四面環(huán)山。從地理上看，洛邑位于平原與山地的交界處。洛陽以西基本是群山，只有黃河河谷作為通道，連接著另一個同樣被群山封閉的狹窄平原——關(guān)中平原。洛陽以東則是肥沃、廣闊、平坦無垠的華北平原，當(dāng)時人口和文化最為繁盛。商朝的七座都城（圖中藍(lán)點所示）都位于這一區(qū)域，那里才是當(dāng)時已知“世界”的中心。

Luoyang was far from the geographical center in the pre Qin period. Luoyang can only be regarded as located in the middle of the region after the mountainous areas of Western Hubei, Sichuan, Tibet, Gansu and Qinghai are included in the territory, but that is at least after the Tang Dynasty. However, there are many ancient capitals in Luoyang basin, such as Erlitou ruins, Yanshi shopping mall, zhouluoyi King City, Luoyang City of Han, Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties. But this reason has nothing to do with whether it is a geographical center or not, but lies in its unique mountains and rivers situation. Let's enlarge the map to see the terrain near Luoyang.

在先秦時期，洛陽遠(yuǎn)非地理中心。只有當(dāng)鄂西、四川、西藏、甘肅、青海的山地納入版圖后，洛陽才勉強(qiáng)可視為區(qū)域中部，但這至少是唐代以后的事了。然而，洛陽盆地卻有多處古都，如二里頭遺址、偃師商城、周洛邑王城、漢魏洛陽城、隋唐洛陽城等。但這原因與其是否是地理中心無關(guān)，而在于其獨特的山川形勢。讓我們放大地圖看看洛陽附近的地形。


The Luoyang basin has a unique topography, so it can be said that there is no second one in China. It is surrounded by mountains, Mang Mountain in the north, Ji mountain and Waifang mountain in the south, and is sandwiched by Song Mountain and Gu mountain from east to west. The situation is dangerous, easy to defend and difficult to attack. Luohe, Yihe, Ruhe, Yinghe and other six rivers converge in the basin, with sufficient water and convenient transportation. Lu Ji in the Western Jin Dynasty said in Luoyang Ji that Luoyang "has Chenggao pass in the East, yique pass in the south, Hangu pass in the West and Mengjin pass in the north", which are all built according to mountains and rivers. The mountains and rivers in Luoyang are superior to those in the world.

洛陽盆地地形獨特，可以說中國找不出第二個。它北有邙山，南有箕山、外方山，東西被嵩山、崤山夾峙，形勢險要，易守難攻。洛河、伊河、汝河、瀍河等六條河流在盆地匯流，水源充足，交通便利。西晉陸機(jī)在《洛陽記》中說洛陽“東有成皋關(guān)，南有伊闕關(guān)，西有函谷關(guān)，北有孟津關(guān)”，都是依山傍水而建。洛陽的山川形勢優(yōu)于天下。

From here, with the help of the Yellow River downstream, the eastern Great Plain is within the scope of attack. Advance can attack, retreat can defend. After conquering the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou people built a new capital Luoyi here, and moved part of the population from Zhouyuan and Haojing in the Weihe River Valley of Shaanxi Province eastward, in order to establish an armed stronghold convenient to control the East. From Luoyi to the East, there is a vast plain. There is no danger to defend, so Luoyi is the inevitable choice. In history, the dynasty moved its capital from Chang'an to Luoyang out of the same logic.

從這里出發(fā)，借助黃河下游，東面的大平原盡在攻擊范圍之內(nèi)。進(jìn)可攻，退可守。周人在征服商朝后，在此營建新都洛邑，并將部分人口從陜西渭河谷地的周原和鎬京東遷，就是為了建立一個便于控制東方的武裝據(jù)點。從洛邑向東，是遼闊的平原，無險可守，因此洛邑是必然的選擇。歷史上王朝從長安遷都洛陽，也是出于同樣的邏輯。

The people of Zhou Dynasty established a new royal city in Luoyi and told heaven that they wanted to "establish Zhongguo in this place". In fact, it's not because this place is a geographical center or a population center. The meaning of "China" is related to primitive religion. There is a huge ideological gap between us and the ancients 3000 years ago. We can't use the modern meaning of Chinese character "Zhong" to interpret the meaning of the text.

周人在洛邑營建新的王城，并告天說欲“在此地建立中國”。這其實并非因為此地是地理中心或人口中心?！爸袊钡暮x與原始宗教有關(guān)。我們與三千年前的古人存在著巨大的思想鴻溝。我們不能用現(xiàn)代漢字“中”的含義去解讀文字的本義。

Zhou people also called the capital of the Shang Dynasty "Zhongguo", such as the book of songs Daya Dang

周人也稱商朝的都城為“中國”，例如《詩經(jīng)·大雅·蕩》：
文王曰咨，咨女殷商。
女炰烋（咆哮）于中國，斂怨以為德。

The capital cities of the Shang Dynasty migrated many times, no matter in one place. But it doesn't matter. Wherever they move, it's Zhongguo.

商朝的都城多次遷徙，并非固定一地。但這沒關(guān)系。無論他們遷到哪里，那里就是“中國”。

Pei Fei of the Southern Dynasty quoted Liu xi, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, as saying in his Shi Ji Ji Jie《史記集解》

南朝裴骃在《史記集解》中引用東漢學(xué)者劉熙的話說：
“帝王所都為中，故曰中國”。
《尚書》ShangShu says：
《尚書》說：
“皇天既付中國民越（與）厥疆土于先王”,

According to the records of Zhou people sacrificing to the ancestor of Yin people Chengtang in the oracle inscxtions of Zhou Yuan and the smooth transition of cultural phenomena during the Yin and zhou Dynasty, most modern scholars believe that the Yin people and the Zhou people are not separated in culture, language and race, they are two branches of the same ancestor group. This can be seen from the way Zhou people dealt with the adherents of Shang Dynasty after conquering Shang Dynasty.

根據(jù)周原甲骨文中周人祭祀殷人祖先成湯的記錄，以及殷周之際文化現(xiàn)象的順利過渡，現(xiàn)代大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為，殷人（商人）和周人在文化、語言和種族上并非隔絕，他們是同一祖先族群的兩個分支。這從周人征服商朝后處理商朝遺民的方式也可以看出。

In the eyes of the Zhou people, the merchants and the Zhou people, as a common ancestor, share the same blood and culture, and more importantly, share the same primitive religious beliefs. They are the so-called "Zhongguo people" with a specific mythological meaning, which has nothing to do with where their territory is. The place where the king, also the supreme religious leader, they all support, lives is called Zhongguo.

在周人眼中，商人和周人作為共同的祖先，擁有相同的血統(tǒng)和文化，更重要的是，共享相同的原始宗教信仰。他們是具有特定神話意義的所謂“中國之人”，這與其領(lǐng)土位置無關(guān)。他們所共同擁戴的國王——同時也是最高宗教領(lǐng)袖——所在的地方，就稱為“中國”。

In the Shang Dynasty, the co owner was the king of the Shang Dynasty, so the capital of the Shang Dynasty was Zhongguo.

在商朝，共主是商王，所以商朝的都城就是“中國”。

After the Zhou people conquered the Shang Dynasty, the king of Zhou was the co Lord, and the place where the king of Zhou lived was "China".

周人征服商朝后，周王成為共主，周王所在的地方就是“中國”。

Some people think that the inscxtion "Zhaizi China" of he Zun refers to the capital of Ho near xi'an, Shaanxi Province, not Luoyi, which is not contradictory to our judgment. Zhou people claimed that "肇國自西土" and called themselves "the people of the west". If Haojing was called "zhongguo", it can not be explained by "the country of the center".

有人認(rèn)為何尊銘文“宅茲中國”指的是陜西西安附近的鎬京，而非洛邑，這與我們的判斷并不矛盾。周人自稱“肇國自西土”（建國于西土），并稱自己為“西土之人”。如果鎬京被稱為“中國”，這同樣無法用“中心之國”來解釋。

The meaning of the Chinese character "Zhong" has been more complicated in the pre Qin ancient prose.

漢字“中”的含義在先秦古文里要復(fù)雜得多。

Scholars are still arguing about the meaning of "Zhong" in the unearthed bamboo slips Qinghua bamboo slips Baoxun. In fact, many of its meanings, including the semantics of "central", "shooting", "feasible" and so on, are derived from the oldest original meaning. However, the original meaning has now disappeared, and "central" has become the main semantic. This is the main reason why the etymology of the word "Zhongguo" is still unclear.

學(xué)者們?nèi)栽跔幷摮鐾林窈喦迦A簡《保訓(xùn)》中“中”的含義。事實上，它的許多含義，包括“中央”、“射中”、“可行”等語義，都源自最古老的本義。然而，這個本義現(xiàn)已消失，“中央”成了主要的語義。這也是“中國”一詞詞源至今不明的主要原因。

AKella Murty
Every nation has its native style of calling itself. Also every tribe. Due to the convenience they have in either pronunciation ease,regular usage and handling ease,administrative ease out sider starts calling it by some name which is called “ exonym “. Nations normally will be popular by their exonyms.

每個民族都有其稱呼自己的本土方式。每個部落也是如此。由于外來者在發(fā)音便捷性、常用性、處理便利性或行政便利性方面的原因，開始用某個名字來稱呼它，這被稱為“他稱”（exonym）。國家通常以其“他稱”而廣為人知。

Zhongguo is “endonym”- the name with which they call themselves.Both are correct the endonym more justifiable and the exonym understandable and excusable.

“中國”(Zhongguo) 是“自稱”（endonym）——他們用來稱呼自己的名字。兩者都是正確的，“自稱”更名正言順，而“他稱”可以理解且情有可原。

If a Chinese person comes and tells even personally that I am Zhangguo it will take half an hour to finish that dialogue finally bringing both of them to square one.

如果一個中國人過來，甚至親自告訴你“我是中國(Zhangguo)人”，可能需要半個小時才能結(jié)束這段對話，最終讓雙方都回到起點（才能理解）。

Germany is Deutschland ,the endonym .There are multiple exonyms- Germany in English speaking world,Allemagne in French speaking world while it should known by other exonyms too.

德國是 Deutschland，這是“自稱”。它有許多“他稱”——在英語世界是 Germany，在法語世界是 Allemagne，當(dāng)然它還有其他“他稱”。

Eponym is some name given after some body or in memory of some event that is significant. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Airport ( JFK airport of Newyork.) St.Louis Islands, North Carolina state ,Prakasam district, Bhagiradhi river, Bodhgaya,Alexandria, Petrograd,….too many eponyms in use.

“名祖詞”(Eponym) 是指以某人名字命名或為紀(jì)念某個重大事件而起的名字。例如約翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪機(jī)場（紐約JFK機(jī)場）、圣路易斯群島、北卡羅來納州、普拉卡薩姆縣、巴吉拉蒂河、菩提伽耶、亞歷山大港、彼得格勒……使用的“名祖詞”太多了。

India had the biggest problem perhaps. In their own usage,scxtures,ancient rock and copper engravings,writings on palm leaves many of them even crossing 3000 years(!) referred as BHARAT.This means the one who is interested in enlightenment.

印度的問題可能最大。在他們自己的用法、經(jīng)文、古代石刻和銅刻、棕櫚葉文獻(xiàn)（其中許多甚至超過3000年?。┲?，都稱其為 BHARAT（婆羅多）。這意為“追求覺悟/光明者”。

Arabs who were taking spices via Sindh ,Himalayan mountain passes Khaibur and Bolon were identifying with Sindh river which they pronounced as Hind. Sthan is a word used for place in generic way in Bharat itself. They mixed and started calling Bharat as Hindustan! Even that got transformed further on European tongue as India. Both Hindustan,India are exonyms.When Prime ministers address Indian masses it is more commonly called Bharatvasi- Indian residents.

通過信德（Sindh）以及興都庫什山脈的開伯爾山口（Khaibur）和博倫山口（Bolon）運送香料的阿拉伯人，認(rèn)同的是信德河（Sindh river），他們將其發(fā)音為 Hind（信德）。Sthan（斯坦）在婆羅多（Bharat）本土就是一個泛指地方的通用詞。他們將兩者混合，開始稱婆羅多為 Hindustan（印度斯坦）！甚至這個詞后來在歐洲語言中進(jìn)一步演變?yōu)?India（印度）。Hindustan 和 India 都是“他稱”。當(dāng)印度總理向印度民眾發(fā)表講話時，更常用的稱呼是 Bharatvasi（婆羅多住民）——即印度居民。

Myanmar was before. It was given away though it was the biggest of Indian states to their own self administration by the colonial British when India was under their rule. Its original name was Brahma desa. Brahma became Burma.Burma became Myanmar. Exonym at very origins is Brahma. Buddhism changed it further in two steps.

緬甸（Myanmar）以前也是（印度的一部分）。盡管它是印度最大的邦之一，但在印度處于英國殖民統(tǒng)治下時，殖民者英國將其劃分出去讓其自治。它最初的名字是 Brahma desa（梵境）。Brahma 演變成了 Burma（緬甸）。Burma 又演變成了 Myanmar（緬甸）。其“他稱”的最初起源是 Brahma（梵天）。佛教后來分兩步進(jìn)一步改變了它。

“Eponym”is some name given after some body or some significant happening, in memorium etc .,John Fitzgerald Kennedy Airport ( JFK Airport of Newyork), St. Louis Island,North and South Carolina, Petersburg,Petrograd,Bhagiradhi river, Karlstrasse, Gandhinagar, Alexandria,Asoka pillar, Himalayan mountains, Saptagiri, Amazon marketing, etc., Name based things, places,chemicals, metals ...are all eponyms.

“名祖詞”(Eponym) 是指以某人名字命名、或以某個重大事件命名、為紀(jì)念某事等而起的名字。例如：約翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪機(jī)場（紐約JFK機(jī)場）、圣路易斯島、北卡羅來納州和南卡羅來納州、彼得堡、彼得格勒、巴吉拉蒂河、卡爾街（Karlstrasse）、甘地訥格爾、亞歷山大港、阿育王柱、喜馬拉雅山脈、七山（Saptagiri）、亞馬遜公司（Amazon marketing）等等?；诿值氖挛铩⒌胤?、化學(xué)品、金屬……都是名祖詞。